D L 4 D S S

Die Bamberger Ärztin Dr. Cornelia Waldmann-Selsam hat es mit ihren zahlreichen Fallbeispielsammlungen über angeblich mobilfunkgeschädigte Bürger zum Star der Mobilfunkgegner-Szene gebracht. Ihre von Fachleuten als unseriös kritisierten Fallsammlungen verbreiten Angst unter Bürgern, die in der Nähe von Mobilfunksendern wohnen. Der Beitrag kritisiert die zweifelhafte Vorgehensweise und beschreibt das Umfeld, in dem diese ihren Zuspruch erntet.

Deutschland - Dr. Cornelia Waldmann-Selsam, praktische Ärztin aus Bamberg(1) und Mitinitiatorin des sogenannten "Bamberger Appell", mit dem 130 Ärzte einen Ausbaustop der Mobilfunktechnologie gefordert haben, verfolgt in eigensinniger Arbeitsweise ihr Thema, das in einer vorgeblichen Aufklärung über die Gefahren des Mobilfunks besteht. Ihre alarmistischen Mitteilungen zum Thema finden internetweite Verbreitung. Dazu ist sie überall im Land als Teilnehmerin auf Podiumsveranstaltungen zugegen, bei denen mit ihrer Unterstützung eine Massenerkrankung durch Mobilfunk behauptet wird.

Es steht nämlich schlimm um Deutschland. Mitten unter uns leben Strahlenkranke. Nicht nur einige, wenige, nein: nahezu jeder Bürger muss sich durch Mobilfunksendetechnik bedroht fühlen. Und weil sich praktisch 100 Prozent der Deutschen im Einflussbereich der überall installierten Mobilfunk-Sendestationen bewegen, können fast alle Krankheiten, die eine/r das Jahr über erleidet, auf die Einwirkung der Mobilfunktechnik zurückgeführt werden.

So jedenfalls lässt sich die Kernbotschaft der Bamberger Ärztin Dr. Cornelia Waldmann-Selsam zusammenfassen, wie sie derzeit von ihrer Anhängerschar in den Anti-Mobilfunk-Initiativen eifrig kolportiert wird. Dr. Waldmann-Selsam, an deren persönlich guter Absicht und Motivation trotz der nun folgenden Kritik nicht gezweifelt werden soll, postuliert nicht weniger als ein durch den Mobilfunk erzeugtes allgemeines "Mikrowellensyndrom",(2) das potentiell alle Bürger befallen kann und das, folgt man Waldmann-Selsams Mitteilungen, viele Menschen bereits befallen hat.

Ängstliche Menschen und vor allem sogenannt "elektrosensibel" veranlagte Personen und Verschwörungsglauber schöpfen aus Waldmann-Selsams Thesen die Argumente für die wahnhafte Überzeugung, dass in Deutschland eine organisierte Massen-Zwangsbestrahlung inszeniert wird, durch die die Bevölkerung rücksichtslos der massenhaften Erkrankung ausgesetzt ist.(3)

+ Fragwürdige Methoden +

Waldmann-Selsams Arbeitsweise bei der Beschaffung ihrer Daten funktioniert so: Mobilfunkkritische Bürgerinitiativen, die in aller Regel aus Unmut über einen in Wohnortnähe installierten Funkmasten gegründet worden sind, rufen die inzwischen bundesweit bekannte Ärztin zu ihrer Unterstützung herbei. Wie etwa vor einiger Zeit im hessischen Städtchen Schlüchtern(4) geschehen, werden zunächst an die Bewohner in der Nähe einer Sendeanlage Fragebögen verteilt. Die Auswertung liefert neben den Befragungsdaten nach Befindlichkeit und aktuell erlittenen Krankheiten zwangsläufig auch die Adressen von Bürgern, die sich in ihrer Gesundheit beeinträchtigt fühlen.

In den Häusern der so Ermittelten nimmt Waldmann-Selsam Strahlungsmessungen vor und listet die aus den Haushalten berichteten Krankheiten auf. Weiterhin wird die Nähe zum nächsten Mobilfunksender festgestellt. Auch andere Funkquellen, wie z.B. ein Schnurlostelefon in der Wohnung, werden registriert. Auf diese Weise entstehen Waldmann-Selsams Fallbeispielsammlungen,(5) welche die Vermutung nahelegen sollen, dass es rund um die Mobilantennen zu Häufungen von Krankheiten kommt.

Waldmann-Selsam hat geäußert, bereits in rund 200 Fällen auf diese oder ähnliche Weise zu Hilfe gerufen worden zu sein. Ihre an sich zusammenhanglosen Fallsammlungen, in denen Krankheiten völlig unterschiedlicher Art und Genese summiert werden, stellt sie durch ihre Behauptung vom angeblich grassierenden "Mikrowellensyndrom" in einen willkürlich generierten Kontext.(3),(5)

Das Vorgehen ist hanebüchen und löst bei Fachleuten, die von Berufs wegen mit dem Design wissenschaftlicher Studien befasst sind, nur fassungsloses Kopfschütteln aus. Waldmann-Selsams Vorgehensweise kann man als absichtsvolle, gezielte Datenselektion zur Bestätigung ihrer Hypothese von einer allgemeinen Mikrowellenerkrankungsgefahr der Bevölkerung ansehen. Klassische Methoden und Tools, wie sie für derartige Erhebungen und deren Interpretation unverzichtbar sind, werden nicht angewendet. Dazu würden etwa eine Vorklärung der persönlichen Disposition der Probanden mit Fragebögen wie dem NEO-FFI oder EPQ(6) oder eine Validierung der Gedächtnisfähigkeit oder gar nachvollziehbare medizinische und neurologische Tests gehören.

Die Befragten antworten unter dem Eindruck der zuvor aufgestellten Behauptung einer unmittelbaren gesundheitlichen Bedrohung. Sie werden auf diese Weise auf den Mobilfunk als angebliche Ursache ihrer empfundenen Beschwerden sensibilisiert. Sie bringen demnach ihre Antworten unter dem Einfluss einer subtil erfolgten Manipulation zu Papier.

Alltagserkrankungen, die in jeder Familie vorkommen, stehen dann neben schweren Gemüts- oder auch Krebserkrankungen. Probleme mit der pubertären Tochter werden zum Symptom des "Mikrowellensyndroms". Menschliche Todesfälle werden wahllos neben Berichte vom sonderbaren Verhalten eines Haustiers gestellt. Hinzu kommen Hinweise auf abgestorbene Pflanzen im Garten oder auch schon mal irgendwelches Halbwissen über die Zustände beim Nachbarn(5).

Die Präsentation der Waldmann-Selsam'schen Studienergebnisse und der zusammenhanglosen Krankheitslisten befördert denn auch irrationale Ängste. Leserbriefe, Online-Beiträge und die Berichte von Lokalreportern, denen verständlicherweise die fachliche Qualifikation zur Beurteilung der Qualität unseriöser Studien fehlen muss, tragen zur Verbreitung von Angst und irrationaler Besorgnis in der Bevölkerung bei. Schließlich spricht hier eine Ärztin, und der Vertrauensvorschuss des verängstigten Bürgers in diese seine Lieblingszunft ist in Deutschland bekanntlich immens.

Man kann jedoch von einem verantwortungslosen Vorgehen der Ärztin und der beteiligten BI-Verantwortlichen sprechen, das der Erzeugung von Angst und Unsicherheit dient. Bedenkt man dazu, dass mitunter die Angst selbst es ist, die den Auslöser psychischer und physischer Krankheiten bilden kann, dann könnte man im vorliegenden Fall sogar von einer grotesken Missinterpretation des Eides des Hippokrates sprechen. Denn nicht die Krankheit sollte der Mediziner ins Haus bringen, sondern Heilung.

Es scheint auch nicht zu stören, dass sich das Postulat von den allgemein epidemisch um sich greifenden Erkrankungen weder in steigendem Medikamentenabsatz rund um die Sendeanlagen, noch in irgendwelchen, etwa an die Gesundheitsämter berichteten epidemischen Auffälligkeiten niederschlagen. Die Süddeutsche Zeitung hat zu einer von Waldmann-Selsam vorgenommenen Erhebung im bayerischen Ort Icking den dort zuständigen Leiter des Gesundheitsamtes befragt. Der wusste allerdings, mit Waldmann-Selsams Studienergebnissen konfrontiert, rein gar nichts über irgendwelche Zunahmen von Krankheiten zu berichten ("Ich kann diese Häufung nicht bestätigen"), obwohl Mobilfunkgegner, bewaffnet mit Waldmann-Selsams Fallsammlungen, bereits unter den Bürgern Alarm geschlagen hatten.(7)

+ Angst in der Wettbewerbsgesellschaft +

Die Waldmann-Selsam'sche Mission fällt fatalerweise gerade dort auf fruchtbaren Boden, wo ohnehin Unsicherheit herrscht.

Waldmann-Selsams krude Thesen werden in ansonsten den sozialen Protestinitiativen eher abgeneigten Bürgersiedlungen und eben in der Provinz allzu bereitwillig aufgenommen. Sie sind hingegen keine Angelegenheit der Städte. Warum ist das so?

Mobilfunkmasten und Handys stehen wohl einigen verängstigten Bürgern als Symbole für eine schneller gewordene Welt, die nach Wettbewerbsregeln funktioniert und zu deren prinzipiellem Wesen es folglich gehört, dass jedermann ein potentieller Verlierer sein kann. In der Gestalt des Mobilfunkmasten auf dem Scheunendach erhält die gefühlte Bedrohung der Bürgeridentität ihre reale Gestalt. Der Funkturm wird zum angsteinflössenden Symbol des drohenden Identitäts- und Werteverlustes.

Anstatt nun die Augen zu öffnen und sich den realen gesellschaftlichen und sozialen Problemen zuzuwenden, mag sich dann mancher Bürger mit dem Starren auf den Mobilfunk als Verursacher all seiner Ängste begnügen, oder sagen wir, "trösten". Der ungetrübte Blick in die Welt und das Nachdenken würden die Angst um Bürgeridentität und -status heraufbeschwören. Letztlich dürften also unterschwellige Besorgnisse und irrationale Ängste über schleichenden wirtschaftlichen Niedergang und über das Fortschreiten des globalen Wandels ihre Rolle spielen.

Auf der psychologischen Ebene stillt die Fokussierung auf den Mobilfunk die ewig virulente Bürgersehnsucht nach der einen (Er-)Lösung, der einen Ursache, dem einen Schuldigen für die persönliche Misere, und mündeten die Ahnungen darüber letztlich auch nur in den ebenso vertrauten wie gänzlich unoriginellen dumpfen Unmut über die Politiker und natürlich die dahinterstehende, alles steuernde "Lobby".

Die populäre Vermutung vieler Mobilfunkgegner, unsichtbare Mächte seien damit befasst, die Massen krank zu machen und noch dazu an deren Leid zu verdienen, ist gleichwohl nicht neu. Irrationaler Verfolgungswahn ist immer, durch die Jahrhunderte hindurch, die Essenz aller Verschwörungstheorien gewesen.

+ Die Ärztin als Idealbesetzung +

In Gestalt seiner Ärztin Dr. Cornelia Waldmann-Selsam tritt also dem um seinen Status, seinen Besitz, seine Heimatlichkeit besorgten und verängstigten Bürger seine Heilige Johanna der Mobilfunkkritik in Erscheinung.

Dem Bürger, der sie als Halbgöttin in Weiss wahrnimmt, ist sie ersehnte Wahrheitsbringerin, kollektive Seelsorgerin und verfolgte Unschuld zugleich. Die prinzipiell kritikfreie Begegnung des Bürgers mit seiner Heiligen ist zugleich Programm, Sinn und Zweck der absurden Veranstaltung um das neu erfundene "Mikrowellensyndrom". Das Verhältnis zwischen der "Aufklärerin" und den "Opfern" folgt somit in letzter Konsequenz dem Muster totalitärer Denkweise(8).

Für gesellschaftspolitisch interessierte Menschen ist der hier einzusehende Prozess spannend zu beobachten, in dessen Fortschreiten sich ein weltanschauliches "Wir-sind-alle-bedroht"- Soziotop um seine ersehnte Lichtgestalt formiert.

Die engagierte Grüne Dr. Cornelia Waldmann-Selsam hat nicht viel dafür tun müssen. Sie wird wohl selbst erstaunt sein über den ihr zuteil gewordenen Zuspruch. Sie musste einfach nur ihre neue "Definition" einer angeblichen Mobilfunk-Massenkrankheit namens "Mikrowellensyndrom" postulieren. Der anhaltende Dank ist ihr gewiss. Die Glaubensgemeinde saugt den Unsinn von der kollektiven Strahlenerkrankung willig auf. Weitere Krankheiten und Kranke, und damit eben immer neue "Argumente", finden sich wie von selbst ein. Am Ende sind nur noch stereotype Aufzählungen notwendig, um die Selbstvergewisserung einer weltanschaulichen Gemeinde kontinuierlich weiterzupflegen. Das ist die Mission, in der Frau Dr. Waldmann-Selsam von ihrer Mobilfunkgegner-Gemeinde auf den Weg geschickt worden ist. Der weitere Erkenntniswert jedoch, der sich mit jedem neuen Update ihrer ärztlichen Mitteilungen einstellt, liegt nahe Null.

Es ist bei aller Popularität fraglich, ob sich Waldmann-Selsams Status in der Szene auf dem derzeit hohen Akzeptanzniveau wird halten können. Schliesslich ist auch der mobilfunkkritische Bürger ein Kind seiner schnellebigen Zeit. Und wenn das Programm langweilig wird, dann wird es wohl auch ihn bald wieder an den Umschaltknopf drängen, auf der Suche nach neuen Sensationen und Lichtgestalten.

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Fussnoten und Anmerkungen:

(1) Dr. Cornelia Waldmann-Selsam ist viele Jahre für die GAL Bamberg aktiv gewesen, hat sich in letzter Zeit zunehmend auf das Thema "Elektrosmog" konzentriert. Sie hat lt. Pressemitteilung der GAL Bamberg vom 25.4.2006 inzwischen den Dienst in ihrer Stadtratsfraktion quittiert, weil "ihr Engagement als Ärztin im Bereich Mobilfunk in der letzten Zeit so zugenommen hat, dass sie ihr Amt nicht mehr in ausreichender Weise wahrnehmen" kann, wie es heisst. Waldmann-Selsam sei "mittlerweile auch bundesweit aktiv, um über die Gesundheitsgefahren von elektromagnetischer Strahlung aufzuklären."

(2) Siehe "Ein neues Krankheitsbild: Das Mikrowellensyndrom", zu lesen unter: http://www.buergerwelle.de/pdf/waldmann_selsamZusf.1.Okt.2.pdf

(3) Krankheiten, die Waldmann-Selsam zufolge in einen Kontext mit Mobilfunk als Ursache stellt, sind zum Beispiel Schlafstörungen, chronische Müdigkeit, Kopfschmerzen, depressive Stimmung, Unruhe, Benommenheit, Reizbarkeit, Konzentrationsstörungen, Vergesslichkeit und Wortfindungsstörungen, Schwindel, Nasenbluten, Sehstörungen, gehäufte Infekte, Nebenhöhlenentzündungen, Gelenkschmerzen, Gliederschmerzen, Nervenschmerzen, Weichteilschmerzen, Taubheitsgefühl, Hautbrennen, Herzrhythmusstörungen, Blutdruckerhöhung, Hormonstörungen, Gewichtszunahme, Haarausfall, nächtliches Schwitzen, Übelkeit, Ohrgeräusche, Hörverlust, Hörsturz (lt. Dr. Waldmann-Selsam im Interview, Evangelisches Sonntagsblatt Bayern, 27.7.05).

(4) Der in der Lokalzeitung nachzulesende Bericht stützt sich, was die fachliche Beurteilung betrifft, alleine auf die ärztlichen Stellungnahmen Waldmann-Selsams. Er ist typisch für eine Berichterstattung vor Ort, die notgedrungen dem Wortschwall und Alarmismus der Mobilfunkkritiker erliegen muss. http://www.fuldaerzeitung.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=160846

(5) Typische Beispiele für Fallberichte, wie sie von Frau Dr. Waldmann-Selsam veröffentlicht worden sind, vermitteln "Erkenntnisse" wie diese, den Beschreibungen zweier "Fälle" aus dem Örtchen Haibach entnommen:

In einem Fallbeispiel wird mitgeteilt, dass die 17-jährige Tochter einer Familie sich vor 7 Jahren innerhalb kurzer Zeit in ihrem Wesen völlig verändert haben soll. Das vorher ausgeglichene, freundliche Mädchen sei unruhig geworden und habe sich nur noch schlecht konzentrieren können. Damit sei massiver schulischer Leistungsabfall verbunden gewesen. In der Folge habe das Familienleben extrem gelitten, da sie "immer aggressiver" geworden sei, "herumschrie" und für Gespräche völlig unzugänglich geworden sei. Nachts sei sie oft wach geworden und "geisterte durchs Haus". Sie habe häufig unter Kopfschmerzen gelitten und sei ständig erkrankt, darunter auch an Lungenentzündung. Wenn sie allerdings bei der Oma übernachtet habe, habe sie gut schlafen können. "Etwa ab dem 14. Lebensjahr nutzte sie intensiv ein Handy und wurde im sozialen Verhalten noch schwieriger", wie es im Originalbericht heisst. Mit 15 Jahren sei ein Suizidversuch mit Tabletten erfolgt, der angeblich wegen "einer vorübergehenden Wegnahme des Handys in der Nacht" zustande gekommen sei. Bei den anschließenden Beratungsgesprächen hätten "die Therapeuten" angeblich keine Ursache in der Familie gefunden. Die Diagnose habe dann "Handysucht und Telefonsucht" gelautet, folglich wurde geraten, diese Geräte aus dem Blickfeld zu entfernen ("Telefon wurde abgemeldet"). Die 17-jährige Tochter mache jetzt eine Friseurlehre, aber "es sei jedoch immer noch sehr schwer mit ihr".

Die persönliche Befindlichkeit einer immerhin 17-jährigen jungen Frau wird in der Version ihrer Eltern zur Schau gestellt. Auf die Idee, dass hier ein Erleben geschildert wird, dem sich so und ähnlich nicht wenige Eltern mit ihren pubertierenden Kindern zu stellen haben, scheint Dr. Cornelia Waldmann-Selsam nicht gekommen zu sein. Stattdessen wird die Ursache "Handy" und "Mobilfunksender" angeboten.

Einem anderen veröffentlichten Bericht der Ärztin lässt sich folgendes Familienszenario entnehmen: Die in der Wohnung lebende 44-jährige Frau leide unter Schlafstörungen, häufigem nächtlichen Wasserlassen, Migräne, Depressionen, Benommenheit, Konzentrationsstörungen und vorzeitiger Menopause, wie auch unter Hitzewallungen und Osteoporose. Die drei Kinder des Hauses leiden alle unter Kopfschmerzen, die 16-jährige Tochter dazu unter Migräne und Sehstörungen. Für die 14-jährige "behinderte" Tochter stehe die Einweisung in eine psychiatrische Klinik an, weil sie in ihrem sozialen Verhalten "aggressiv, unberechenbar" geworden sei. Die Großmutter leide dazu unter der "Unberechenbarkeit der behinderten Enkelin" und unter Depressionen. Ihr Mann sei im Jahr 2000 an einem Tumorleiden verstorben. Das ist aber nicht alles in Dr. Waldmann-Selsams alarmierendem Bericht: Auf dem Nachbargrundstück (dies im Originaltext mit Adressenangabe, was leicht zur Identifizierung der beschriebenen Personen führen kann) sei im letzten Jahr eine innerhalb kurzer Zeit abgestorbene Fichte gefällt worden. Zwei weitere tote Fichten seien noch zu sehen. Der etwa 70-jährige Herr R. (im Originaltext wird der volle Nachname genannt) sei in 2005 wegen rasch fortschreitendem Alzheimer in ein Heim gekommen. Frau R. sei ca. 2000 gestorben, und ihre Tochter lebe "sehr zurückgezogen", wie die Nachbarn zu berichten wissen. Sie sei darüber hinaus "mager und blass". Man habe sie während der letzten Monate "fast nicht mehr gesehen" (was bei solch neugierigen Nachbarn möglicherweise auch gar kein Wunder ist). Der Mann der oben erwähnten 44-jährigen Frau wurde übrigens "nicht befragt". Vermutlich wird er es nicht bereut haben.

Man beachte die undifferenzierte Vermengung von Informationen über persönliche Verhältnisse, über Krankheiten, von unbestätigten Gerüchte über die Nachbarn. Man kann feststellen, dass die in einer solchen Darstellung vorkommenden "untersuchten" Personen allesamt zu dem Zweck dienlich zu sein haben, die These von der allgemein grassierenden Strahlenerkrankungs-Epidemie ("Mikrowellensyndrom") zu untermauern. Die unverfrorene und in der Sache undifferenzierte zur-Schau-Stellung einzelner Personen ist in einer Gesellschaft, die aus dem Boulevard-Journalismus ja durchaus auch Schlimmeres gewohnt ist, offensichtlich kein Beinbruch mehr, der irgend jemanden aufregt.

Allerdings wurde Dr. Waldmann-Selsams Veröffentlichungspraxis wenigstens gerügt. Die lokale Presse (Isar-Loisachbote vom 05.05.2006) berichtete über empörte Bürger und Ärzte, und das Gesundheitsamt zeigte sich verwundert. Waldmann-Selsam bezeichnete das Veröffentlichen einiger Namen als Irrtum. Jedoch ist festzuhalten, dass Waldmann-Selsams Berichtspraxis durch die Angabe von Straßen und die genau gegebenen Entfernungen zu Sendemasten dem lokal Kundigen ohnehin genug Information bietet, die entsprechenden Familien zu identifizieren.

Originalberichte unter: http://www.buergerwelle.de/pdf/haibach_anonym_020706.doc

(6) EPQ steht für "Eysenck Personality Questionnaire" und NEO-FFI steht für "NEO-Fünf-Faktoren-Inventar". Beide Methoden gehören zum Rüstzeug der Persönlichkeitsforschung und arbeiten mit systematisch angelegten Persönlichkeitsfragebögen. Deren Einsatz sollte solchen Querschnittsstudien vorgeschaltet werden, die auf Befragungen von Probanden angewiesen sind. Dies aus der Erkenntnis heraus, dass die persönliche Disposition befragter Personen (beispielsweise ein sozial rigides, introvertiertes, rechtsradikales, oder etwa ein für neue Erfahrungen offenes persönliches Einstellungsmuster des Probanden) Einfluss auf die Befragungsergebnisse hat.

(7) Süddeutsche Zeitung Wolfratshausen vom 05. Mai 2006

(8) Zur Kritik der mobilfunkkritischen Szene und zu deren Abgrenzung gegenüber fortschrittlichen sozial-ökologischen Initiativen, siehe auch den Beitrag: "Das Erzeugen von Angst als Methode": http://de.indymedia.org/2006/09/156648.shtml

Moderne Funkstation

2006-12-18T14:39:00.000-08:00

Fax

2006-12-18T14:26:00.000-08:00

Didadidit

2006-12-18T14:03:00.000-08:00

alter laptop genuegt

2006-12-18T12:55:00.000-08:00

scheint auch heute noch spass zu machen

2006-12-18T12:31:00.000-08:00

Introduction

Hellschreiber was patented in 1929, by Dr. Ing. Rudolf Hell, Germany and is still in use today using the original format.

The first prototype of the Hellschreiber 1929

Hellschreiber was the first successful direct printing text transmission system, and was very popular at a time when teleprinters were complex and expensive (the Hell receiving mechanism had only two moving parts).

At first the Hellschreiber was mostly used for land-line press services, which continued well into the 1980s.

A military version was used by the German Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War (1933).

During WWII, Hellschreiber was widely used for field portable military communications, for which it proved to be very suitable because the equipment was simple and robust.

Today we use the term "Feld-Hell", or "Field Hell" for this system, to help differentiate it from the slightly different land-line press systems.

Each character of a Feld-Hell transmission is portrayed as a series of dots, in a matrix, just like the printing of a dot-matrix printer.
The dots are sent one at a time, rather like Morse code. Feld-Hell transmits in the following order - up each column from bottom to top, then up each successive column from left to right.

The HELL Feldfernschreiber (Army Hell printer)

Hell printing is a sort of facsimile or picture printing transmission system. The letters are made up of vertical lines which are drawn on paper tape by means of a hammer tapping on the inky threads of a quick threaded screw. The lines are arranged from left to right by moving the paper tape, which is transported to the left.

The pictures of the letters are transmitted in the form of on-off modulation of a tone or carrier, which is converted in the receiving apparatus to recognizable figures or letters.
Interference can distort tbe signal. but it is printed on the tape so that the recipient can use the vastly superior pattern recognition powers of his eye to work out what tbe message was.
The receiving apparatus does not have to make a decision in real time, as is the case with a Murray coded teleprinter.

so fing es an

2006-12-18T12:19:00.000-08:00

Slow-Scan-TV mit 8-Sekunden-Bildern stellt die Anfänge der Bildübertragung in Telefonleitungen dar.

Die nachfolgend abgebildete Kombination aus rotierendem „Trommel-Scanner” und nachleuchtender Radar-Röhre ermöglichte auch ohne heutige Speicher-Bausteine eine kontinuierliche Bildübertragung im Funksprechkanal.

Alte RTTY Anlage

2006-12-18T11:58:00.000-08:00

Obiges Farbdia zeigt die 8/1974 aufgenommene RTTY-Station mit weiter rechts sichtbaren Zusatzgeräten: EB-Transistor-Modulationsclipper, EB-AFSK-Generator (zur Erzeugung des frequenzumgetasteten Fernschreibsignals), EB-Linearverzerrer VZ66ME, modifizierter Röhren-Audiokompressor, RTTY-Konverter CV 305, modifiziertes, HF-festes Stationstonbandgerät Telefunken Magnetophon KL 105 (auch für Abgabe von RTTY-Sequenzen an Modulationseingang HW 100), ganz rechts ext. HW-100-VFO mit EB-Netzgerät (Version 1), darunter KW-Prüfempfänger von DB0ZK). Vor dem Streifenschreiber auf einem klappbaren Tischchen das Stations-Logbuch.

2006-12-05T05:23:00.000-08:00

DominoEX

2006-12-03T13:36:00.001-08:00

Creators : Con Wassilieff ZL2AFP and Murray Greenman ZL1BPU in 2005
Patrick Lindecker (F6CTE) for the FEC option, in 2006

Description :
Baud rate : 3.90625 for DominoEx4, 5.3833 for DominoEX5, 7.8125 for DominoEx8, 10.766 for DominoEx11, 15.625 for DominoEx16 and 21.533 for DominoEx22
Speed : 27 wpm for DominoEx4, 38 wpm for DominoEx5, 55 wpm for DominoEx8, 77 wpm for DominoEx11, 110 wpm for DominoEx16 and 154 wpm for DominoEx22

Modulation : IFK (Incremental Frequency Keying)

The total number of tones is 18 separated by a frequency offset (FO) equal to the baud rate for the Domino11, 16 and 22 modes and equal to twice the baud rate for the Domino4, 5 and 8 modes.
A character is composed of 1 to 3 "nibbles" (group of 4 bits). The first one is called "Initial nibble" and has a value between 0 to 7, the 2 others are called "Continuation nibbles" and have a value between 0 to 15. The "initial nibble" is compulsory and, from its value, permits to know that it is the first 4 bits start of the character. The "continuation nibbles" exist only depending of the transmitted character.
Only one tone is used for a given "nibble". For determination of the tone number, it is used the following formula:

* Tone number (between 0 and 17) = Previous tone number + data nibble (0 to 15) +2
* If the tone number>=18 then Tone number = Tone number -18

Reception mode: sensible to the side (USB or LSB), USB is recommended

Character set : ASCII characters + almost all ANSI extended characters + a backspace character («
Varicode » characters due to the fact that it can be used 1, 2 or 3 nibbles).
Due to the fact that 512 characters are available with 3 nibbles:

* a first set of 256 characters (called "Primary VaricodeTable) is used for the current exchanges,
* a second set of 256 characters (called "Secondary VaricodeTable") is used to send automatically the information "Call", "Locator"...type, during which nothing is sent, the QSO being in progress. It is a sort of "intelligent idling".

The idling character, if nothing can be sent, is the character CHR(0) from the first set of characters

Shape of pulse : rectangular
Space between tones : 3.90625 x 2 Hz for DominoEx4, 5.3833 x 2 Hz for DominoEx5, 7.8125 x 2 Hz for DominoEx8, 10.766 Hz for DominoEx11, 15.625 Hz for DominoEx16 and 21.533 Hz for DominoEx22
Bandwidth : about 140 Hz for DominoEx4, 194 Hz for DominoEx5, 281 Hz for DominoEx8, 194 Hz for DominoEx11, 281 Hz for DominoEx16 and 388 Hz for DominoEX22,
Demodulation : non-coherent,

Synchronization: for the 4 bits symbols ("nibbles"), using the signal. For the symbol order, using the fact that the value of the first nibble" is beetwen 0 and 7 (the other "nibbles" having a value between 8 and 15).

Convolution code: non
Interleaving : non

Offset tolerance : 65 Hz for the 11 bauds mode. This is the big advantage of this IFK mode which can accomodate a mistuning inferior or equal to +/- 65 Hz. It is equal to 47 Hz in 4 bauds, 65 Hz in 5 bauds, 94 Hz in 8 and 16 bauds and 129 Hz in 22 bauds,
Drift tolerance : 20 Hz/mn (depending on signal the signal-to-noise ratio) for the 11 bauds mode

Note: inside the band limited by the offset tolerance, the drift tolerance is superior to 200 Hz/mn

Pmean/Ppeak : 1

Lowest S/N : -14.5 for Domino4, -14 for Domino5, -13.5 for Domino8, -12 dB for DominoEx11, -10.5 for DominoEX16 and -9 dB for DominoEx22,

FEC option : the DominoEX modulation passes through a Viterbi decoder. The set of characters used is the MFSK16 one with a part applied to the primary table and the other part applied to the secondary table (see the document " Characters to manage for secondary text on DominoEX FEC, PSK63 and PSK125.doc" on my WEB site ("Specifications") for details). See also the "secondary channel specific to Multipsk" of the PSK63 and PSK125 modes (above).

The convolutional coder/decoder is the same as the one used for MFSK16, except about the following points:
* the number of interleavings is 4 instead of 10,
* there is no Gray coding due to the particular modulation (IFK).

The gain on the lowest S/N is about 1 dB, with a much more reliable transmission. Reversely the speed (in wpm) is divided by 2, which is not a problem for QSO "chat" type, this mode being initially fast.

DominoF DF ("DeFault mode")

2006-12-03T13:34:00.000-08:00

Creators : Con Wassilieff ZL2AFP and Murray Greenman ZL1BPU in 2004

Description :
Baud rate : 10.766
Speed : 40 wpm (by deleting the synchronization characters)
Modulation : IFK (Incremental Frequency Keying) 16 tones but with two tone sets (J1 and J2) in alternance so as to reduce the ISI (InterSymbol Interference) and to allow a quick synchronization.

The total number of tones being 16 separated by a frequency offset (FO) equal to the baud rate, each set has 8 interleaved tones separated by 2 DF:
O O ...J1
O O ...J2
Note: in fact, 18 tones (2 x 9) are used to limit the rotations.
A character is composed of 2 symbols of 3 bits each, each symbol being sent on a tone set (first symbol on J1 then second symbol on J2).

Reception mode: sensible to the side (USB or LSB), USB is recommended
Character set : 62 characters (lower case, numbers and some punctuation) + a backspace character (6 bits long characters) + a synchronization character
Shape of pulse : rectangular
Space between tones : 10.766 Hz
Bandwidth : 213 Hz,
Demodulation : non-coherent,

Synchronization: for the 3 bits symbols, using the signal. For the symbol order, thanks to a block of 4 synchronization characters sent after 12 characters standard.

Convolution code: no
Interleaving : no

Offset tolerance : 65 Hz. This is the big advantage of this IFK mode which can accomodate a mistuning inferior or equal to +/- 65 Hz.
Drift tolerance : 20 Hz/mn (depending on signal the signal-to-noise ratio)

Note: inside the band limited by the offset tolerance, the drift tolerance is superior to 200 Hz/mn

Pmean/Ppeak : 1

Lowest S/N : -12 dB

Note: it exists 2 other DominoF modes (not decoded by Multipsk) at 7.8125 and 15.625 bauds. They are conceived in the same way.

PAX/PAX2

2006-12-03T13:33:00.000-08:00

Creator : Patrick Lindecker (F6CTE) in 2005

Description :
Baud rate : 62.5 for PAX and 125 for PAX2
Speed : 5.86 characters/sec so 59 wpm ou 11.71 characters/sec so 117 wpm
Modulation : FSK 8 tones (3 bits arranged in a Gray form), with a shift between tones of 62.5 Hz (500 Hz bandwidth) for PAX and a shift of 125 Hz (1000 Hz bandwidth) for PAX2. A block is composed of 32 symbols of 3 bits (in other words it is a matrix of 32 columns (following the time) on 3 lines). Each of the 3 block lines of this block corresponds to a character which has been encoded, on a 32 bits vector, using a Walsh-Hadamard transform to provide a high level of redundancy.

Note: the implicite used matrix is 64x32 dimension, the 32 first lines are the 32 standard orthogonal combinations of the Hadamard matrix. The 32 next lines are their opposite. So any couple of lines are either orthogonal (scalar product=0) or biorthogonal (scalar product<0).
Reception mode: sensible to the side (USB or LSB), USB is recommended
Shape of pulse : specific shape (between a Hanning window and a rectangular window)
Character set : ASCII 6 bits (64 characters)

Bandwidth : 500 Hz for PAX and 1000 Hz for PAX2
Synchronization : automatic using the signal
Correction code: no
Convolution code: no
Interleaving : yes, spreading of 3 bits "vertically" in the block,

Scrambling : yes, with a 32 bits sequence applied on each line of the block but with a delay of 13 bits between two successive lines.
Drift tolerance : 30 Hz/mn (depending on signal the signal-to-noise ratio)
Pmean/Ppeak : 0.76

Lowest S/N : – 10 dB for PAX and – 7 dB for PAX2

Note: they are modes directly derived from the 8 tones, 62.5 bauds Olivia mode (Pawel Jalocha SP9VRC) but with a 32 bits vector instead of a 64 bits vector, a different set of characters and a double speed for PAX2 (125 bauds). Moreover, any AF frequency (200 to 4000 Hz) must be able to be used.

Other PAX/PAX2 characteristics:
- the transmission begins with the transmission of the extreme low tone for a time which depends of the value of the parameter TXDELAY and the type of frame (minimum 0.5 second), to be able to manually tune on the frequency, if needed,
- the reception and the transmission can be done everywhere on the spectrum,
- the search of the PAX/PAX2 central frequency is done when clicking on the spectrum. It takes about one second. Afterwards, when decoding, there is no automatic search but a simple frequency drift following, this to avoid abrupt frequency variations on events as QRM or QSB,

- an offset between sound cards sampling frequencies inferior or equal to 1 % is withstood, but it is hardly advised if not indispensable to determine the sound card sampling frequency (see Determination of the sound card RX/TX sampling frequencies). In fact, if the speed offset is too high, the synchronization could be too long and if would be possible not to detect the start flags.

PAX/PAX2 protocol in non-connected mode ("Unproto")

All the communication is done through "frames" (limited set of characters). There is, in non-connected mode, only one sort of frame called UI, which permits to send either messages or APRS frames. The Unproto PAX/PAX2 protocol is similar to the AX25 Unproto protocol (Packet).
Each frame is composed of:

* at least 3 flags ("flag": special and unique character),
* a PID field (protocol identifier) + Version (of the protocol),
* a control byte defining the type of frame (UI here),
* an adress field: destination then source then possible repeaters (2 max),
* a "length" byte giving the number of information characters,
* an information field where data is located,
* a FCS field composed of 2 bytes where is located the CRC ("Cyclic Redundancy Check Sum") calculation on all the frame data until this field (except flags). A difference between calculated CRC and received CRC makes the frame invalid.

Note: the PAX/PAX2 "bytes" are 6 bits long (instead of 8 bits).

It is possible to pass through 2 PAX/PAX2 repeaters (with possible use of the alias ECHO).

PAX/PAX2 protocol in connected mode

The connected PAX/PAX2 mode is an ARQ mode type (ARQ for "Automatic Repetition reQuest" by acknowledgment ACK or non-acknowledgment NACK) inspired from AX25 (Packet) and Pactor1 but asynchronous (Pactor 1 being ARQ synchronous) because the acknowledgments and non-acknowledgments are not done at fixed interval (this possibility not being available under Windows) but inside a maximum duration.

Each transmitted I frame is subject to an acknowledgment or a non-acknowledgment by a RR or I frame.

It is possible to pass through 2 PAX/PAX2 repeaters. Without repeaters, the transmission can be "full-duplex" type (protocol level (OSI level 2)). With repeaters, the transmission must be "half-duplex" type (protocol level (OSI level 2)), each one in turn.

This protocol permits free error transmissions. APRS transmission can also be transmitted.

Note: the complete PAX/PAX2 protocol is not available at the moment (the author considering the protocol as experimental, and reserving the possibility to do all the necessary modifications, before issuing it).

VOICE

2006-12-03T13:32:00.000-08:00

Creator : Patrick Lindecker (F6CTE) in 2006

Description :
Baud rate : 21
Speed : about 2 characters/sec so 20 wpm
Modulation : FSK 8 tones (3 bits arranged in a Gray form), with a shift between tones of 21 Hz (168 Hz bandwidth). A block is composed of 32 symbols of 3 bits (in other words it is a matrix of 32 columns (following the time) on 3 lines). Each of the 3 block lines of this block corresponds to a character which has been encoded, on a 32 bits vector, using a Walsh-Hadamard transform to provide a high level of redundancy.

Note: the implicit used matrix is 64x32 dimension, the 32 first lines are the 32 standard orthogonal combinations of the Hadamard matrix. The 32 next lines are their opposite. So any couple of lines are either orthogonal (scalar product=0) or biorthogonal (scalar product<0).
Reception mode: sensitive to USB or LSB, USB is recommended
Shape of pulse : specific shape (between a Hanning window and a rectangular window)
Character set : ASCII 6 bits (64 characters) but only 61 are usable.

Bandwidth : 168 Hz
Synchronization : automatic using the signal
Correction code: no
Convolution code: no
Interleaving : yes, spreading of 3 bits "vertically" in the block,

Scrambling : yes, with a 32 bits sequence applied on each line of the block but with a delay of 13 bits between two successive lines.
Drift tolerance : 10 Hz/mn (depending on signal the signal-to-noise ratio)
Pmean/Ppeak : 0.76

Lowest S/N : – 14.5 dB

Repetition of characters
This mode being done for blind or partially sighted Hams or SWL's, all received characters can be repeated. So a received character will be displayed on the screen and it could be, in the same time, repeated in an audible way.
To make use of this function, the output plug of the sound card must be connected to an amplified speaker in parallel to the transceiver input.
Important: as the amplified speaker is going to be also active during transmission, not to collapse the output signal, the ideal would be to use the sound card "Speaker" output instead of the "Line out" output. If your sound card does not have this type of low impedance output, it must be checked that the sound card output can supports the amplificed speaker and the transceiver input, by looking, on a voltmeter, at the signal delivered by the sound card, which must not fluctuate. If it fluctuates, the only solution is to do an interface to "open" the circuit to the amplified speaker when the program is Txing (see the second example in the RS232_EN.DOC file, but replacing the relay on the diagram by an inverted relay, so as to open when Txing). Furthermore, this interface will avoid one hearing the modulation when TXing.

Frequency tuning
Any AF frequency (200 to 4000 Hz) must be able to be used.
However, it is considered a standard central AF frequency of 1000 Hz for this mode, to simplify tuning. Furthermore, the "Freq. search" function permits to localize any Voice transmission in a 480 Hz band. So the ideal would be to set ON the XCVR 500 Hz CW filter and to tune the HF frequency on the XCVR instead of tuning the AF frequency on the waterfall.

Note: this mode is directly derived from the 8 tones, 62.5 bauds Olivia mode (Pawel Jalocha SP9VRC) but with a 32 bits vector instead of a 64 bits vector, a different set of characters and a different speed.

CONTESTIA and RTTYM

2006-12-03T13:31:00.000-08:00

Creator : Nick Fedoseev (UT2UZ) in 2005

Description :

The Contestia and RTTYM modes are directly derived from the Olivia mode (Pawel Jalocha SP9VRC) but with a different compromise between speed and robustness.

Here is a comparison board between Olivia, Contestia and RTTYM:

Parameters OLIVIA CONTESTIA RTTYM
Block size (symbols) 64 32 16
Scrambling pseudo-random sequence 0xE257E6D0291574EC 0xEDB88320 0xEDB88320
Scrambling shift (in number of bits of sequence right rotation) 13 5 5
Characters set 7 bits (ASCII) 6 bitschar -> decimal code0 (remplissage)-> 0Space -> 59 -> 60CHR(33) to CHR(90) ->1 to 58Multipsk specificity: (<--- key) -> 61Small letters are transformed in capital letters 5 bitsSame set of characters as for standard RTTY,except that the "letters" character is the CHR(0) instead the CHR(31) oneThe idling character is the CHR(31) character.Multipsk specificity: is coded as @ (second ' in Mixw)
Characters transmission speed x1 x2 almost x4
Minimum S/N / Olivia for same the sub-mode +1.5 dB (about) + 3 dB (about)
Note: among the 40 possible sub-modes proposed by the author (UT2UZ), Multipsk proposes the same 7 sub-modes as in Olivia (to reduce the mode identification problem, proposing the best selection).

For Contestia (terms "Slow"...qualify the sub-mode speed by comparison with the mean speed in Contestia):

* "8-250": "Slow" 8 tones, bandwidth=250 Hz, speed=31.25 bauds, 29.2 wpm, lowest S/N=-13 dB,
* "16-500": "Average" 16 tonalités, bandwidth=500 Hz, speed=31.25 bauds, 39 wpm, lowest S/N =-12 dB,
* "32-1K" ("Standard" default mode): 32 tonalités, bandwidth=1000 Hz, speed=31.25 bauds, 48.8 wpm, lowest S/N =-12 dB,
* "8-500": "Normal" 8 tonalités, bandwidth=500 Hz, speed=62.5 bauds, 58.6 wpm, lowest S/N =-10 dB,
* "16-1K": "Fast" 16 tonalités, bandwidth=1000 Hz, speed=62.5 bauds, 78.2 wpm, lowest S/N =-9 dB,

* "4-500": "Fast 2" 4 tonalités, bandwidth=500 Hz, speed=125 bauds, 78.2 wpm, lowest S/N =-8 dB.
* "4-250": "Average 2" 4 tonalités, bandwidth=250 Hz, speed=62,5 bauds, 39 wpm, lowest S/N =-10 dB.

For RTTYM (terms "Slow"... qualify the sub-mode speed by comparison with the mean speed in RTTYM):

* "8-250": "Slow" 8 tones, bandwidth=250 Hz, speed=31.25 bauds, 58 wpm, lowest S/N=-12 dB,
* "16-500": "Average" 16 tonalités, bandwidth=500 Hz, speed=31.25 bauds, 78 wpm, lowest S/N =-10.5 dB,
* "32-1K" ("Standard" default mode): 32 tonalités, bandwidth=1000 Hz, speed=31.25 bauds, 97 wpm, lowest S/N =-10 dB,
* "8-500": "Normal" 8 tonalités, bandwidth=500 Hz, speed=62.5 bauds, 117 wpm, lowest S/N =-9 dB,
* "16-1K": "Fast" 16 tonalités, bandwidth=1000 Hz, speed=62.5 bauds, 156 wpm, lowest S/N =-7.5 dB,

* "4-500": "Fast 2" 4 tonalités, bandwidth=500 Hz, speed=125 bauds, 156 wpm, lowest S/N =- 6 dB.
* "4-250": "Average 2" 4 tonalités, bandwidth=250 Hz, speed=62,5 bauds, 78 wpm, lowest S/N =-8.5 dB.

SUMMARY OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTESTIA AND RTTYM COMPARED TO OLIVIA

* CONTESTIA is a bit less sensitive than Olivia (+1.5 dB on minimum S/N). It is a also a bit less robust (due to a smaller block size) but it is twice more rapid (with a reduce set of characters).
This mode is an excellent chat mode (because sensitive and rapid).

* RTTYM is a less sensitive than Olivia (+ 3 dB on minimum S/N). It is also less robust (due to a small block size and due to the RTTY problem of random shift from letters to figures or reversely, on an error) but it is almost four times more rapid (with the RTTY set of characters).

This mode is interesting for very quick QSO.

CHIP (64/128)

2006-12-03T13:29:00.000-08:00

Creator : Nino Porcino IZ8BLY in 2005

Description :

General : this mode uses the "Spread Sprectum" modulation technique and, particularly, the Direct Sequence Spread Sequence (DSSS), this through an original algorithm. This technique permits to achieve a very robust mode.

Chiprate : 300/second (a "chip" is here a "bit" from the point of view of the modulation)
Bits rate (after pseudo WHP inverse transform): 37.5 per second in CHIP64 and 21.09 in CHIP128

Speed (words) : 48 wpm in capital letters to 68 wpm in small letters (average in CHIP64)
27 wpm in capital letters to 38 wpm in small letters (average in CHIP128)

Modulation : DBPSK
A "block" is composed of 64 chips in Chip64 and 128 in Chip128. A block corresponds to a code on 8 bits in Chip64 and 9 bits in Chip128. The block is obtained from the code, by a WHP transform "Walsh-Hadamard-Porcino", so as:

* to give a good autocorrelation quality necessary for the "block" synchronization, using an "m-sequence"
* a weak intercorrelation between codes to distinguish them, using a Walsh-Hadamard transform.

In Chip64, for the codes between 0 and 127, it will be used the m-sequence[6,5,2,1] for odd codes and the m-sequence[6,5] for the even codes.
In Chip128, for the codes between 0 and 255, it will be used the m-sequence[7,3,2,1] for odd codes and the m-sequence[7,3] for the even codes.

Reception mode: indifferent (LSB or USB)
Character set : ASCII characters + almost all ANSI extended characters + a backspace character (« Varicode » characters)
Shape of pulse : raised cosine
Bandwidth : about 580 Hz,
Synchronization: automatic using the signal
Correction code: the use of the WHP transform is equivalent to a a powerful "block" coding type
Convolution code: no,
Interleaving : no

Drift tolerance : 15 Hz/minute (+/- depending on signal level)
Pmean/Ppeak : 0.79
Lowest S/N : - 8 dB

Worldwide List of HF Beacons

2006-12-03T07:17:00.000-08:00

Latest Update 26 November 2006

Freq     Call      Town         Loc    ERPw     Ant    Direct Mode Status

1805    VO1NA   St John's                1               Omni        24
1810    RN6BN                  KN95LC                                 ?                         
1810.5  YR2TOP                 KN04RU                          A1    24?       
1830    EA3JE                                                         ?
1840    OK0EK   Kromeriz       JN89QG    4    Vertical   Omni  A1 T NonOp
1853    OK0EV   Near Prague    JN79EV  100mw  25m Vert   Omni  A1    PT
1999.5  N2XE    ME                     100mw/2.5w              A1   EXP

3530    DK2CF   Olsberg        JO41GG    0.5  Dip@20m          F2   EXP/night    ?
3579    DK0WCY  Scheggerott    JO44VQ   30    Dipole           A1  PT/zz
3588    SP5ANU  Warsaw                   0.5                          ?
3686.3  SZ6P                   KM08JX    1                            ?
3594.5  OK0EU   Pruhonice      JN79GX    1    Mag Loop   N-S   A1    24
3600.0  OK0EN   Kam. Zehrovice JO70AC    0.15 Corner Dip 90/270A1    24

5195.0  DRA5    Scheggerott    JO44VQ   30     dipole        A1,psk  24zz
                                                            rtty  
5269.5  VO1MRC                                                INT   EXP
5290.0  GB3RAL  Nr Didcot      IO91IN 10<158uw Vertical        A1   zzz                                     
5290.0  GB3WES  Cumbria        IO84QN 10<158uw Vertical        A1   zzz
5290.0  GB3ORK  Orkney                10<158uw Vertical        A1   zzz
                
IARU Region 1 discourages beacon operation on 7&10MHz (DK0WCY excepted)

7023.5  N2XE                            20mw                   PT   EXP
7025    ZS1AGI  George Airport KF16EA    0.2  1/2 Dipole E-W   A1    24
7038.5  OK0EU   Pruhonice      JN79GX    1    Mag Loop   N-S   A1    24
7045    PY2WAP  Piracaia AP    GG66VV    1                     A1     ?
7052    HK3QQ   Bogota                                         A1     ?

10114   N4QA                          18mw                            ?
10125   KL1IF   Springfield MO EM37IE  10     1/4 GP     Omni  A1    PT                                  A1     ?
10130   OK1IF                  JO40HG   0.5                    A1     ?
10132.0 VE3TO   Nr Ottawa      FN25EG    5    1/4 Vert   Omni  A1    24
                                                              NOT Sat-Sun
10134   OK0EF   Nr Kladno      JO70BC .1/.2/.5 1/2 Vert  Omni  A1    24
10135.9 HP1RCP  Cerro Jefe     FJ09HD   2.5   SlopeDip   Omni  A1    24
10139.6 PY3PSI  Porto Alegre   GF49KX    1.6  Hor. Dip   N-S   A1    INT
10140.0}Numerous sub-audible QRPP/QRSS beacons here: need 'QRSS Viewer'
10140.1}   
10140.6 DL5KZ   Numbrecht      JO30SU   0.1   Dipole           A1     ?
10141.8 IK3NWX  Nr MonselicePD JN55VF    4    Rot. Dip.  E-W   A1    24
10144.0 DK0WCY  Scheggerott    JO44VQ   30    Dipole         A1,psk  24zz
             rtty
10149.7 IZ8BZX  Torre del GrecoJN70ES  .1/.5/1 whip      Omni hi/QRSSEXP

14062   UA1AVA  St Petersburg  KO59EW   0.1   1/2 Dip          A1 06-15UTC
14100.0 4U1UN   UN NY          FN30AS 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
14100.0 VE8AT   Eureka,Nunavut EQ79AX 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
14100.0 W6WX    Mt Umunhum  CA CM97BD 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
14100.0 KH6WO   Laie, Oahu     BL11AP 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
14100.0 ZL6B    Nr Masterton   RE78TW 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
14100.0 VK6RBP  Rolystone      OF87AV 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
14100.0 JA2IGY  Mt Asama       PM84JK 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
14100.0 RR9O    Novosibirsk    NO14KX 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
14100.0 VR2B    Hong Kong      OL72CQ 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
14100.0 4S7B    Colombo        NJ06CR 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP nonop
14100.0 ZS6DN   Pretoria       KG44DC 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
14100.0 5Z4B    Kiambu         KI88MX 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
14100.0 4X6TU   Tel Aviv       KM72JB 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP TNonOp
14100.0 OH2B    Lohja          KP20BM 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
14100.0 CS3B    Santo da Serra IM12OR 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
14100.0 LU4AA   Buenos Aires   GF05TJ 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP nonop
14100.0 OA4B    Lima           FH17MW 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP nonop
14100.0 YV5B    Caracas        FK06NK 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
14161   DL5KZ   Numbrecht      JO30SU  0.25   Dipole    SSW/NNEA1    UC

18068.1 IK6BAK  Montefelcino   JN63KR    3    Inv Vee    Omni  A1    24
18095.5 HP1AVS  Cerro Jefe     FJ09HD  2.5    Inv Vee          A1    24  
18101   VE3RAT  Thornhill ONT  FN03GL    1    Vertical   Omni  A1    24
18102   I1M     Bordighera     JN33UT   10    5/8 Vert   Omni  A1    24
18102   HB9AFZ  Bellinzona     JN46ME    5    Inv Vee     ?    A1   TNonOp
18110   DL0AGS  Kassel         JO41NL   10    GP         Omni  A1    24
18110.0 4U1UN   U. Nations NY  FN30AS 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
18110.0 VE8AT   Eureka,Nunavut EQ79AX 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP INT?
18110.0 W6WX    Mt Umunhum CA  CM97BD 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
18110.0 KH6WO   Laie, Oahu     BL11AP 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
18110.0 ZL6B    Nr Masterton   RE78TW 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
18110.0 VK6RBP  28k SE Perth   OF87AV 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
18110.0 JA2IGY  Mt Asama       PM84JK 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
18110.0 RR9O    Novosibirsk    NO14KX 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
18110.0 VR2B    Hong Kong      OL72CQ 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
18110.0 4S7B    Colombo        NJ06CC 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
18110.0 ZS6DN   Pretoria       KG44DC 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
18110.0 5Z4B    Kiambu         KI88MX 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
18110.0 4X6TU   Tel Aviv       KM72JB 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP TNonOp
18110.0 OH2B    Lohja          KP20   100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP Cycle
18110.0 CS3B    Santo da Serra IM12OR 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP nonop
18110.0 LU4AA   Buenos Aires   GF05TJ 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
18110.0 OA4B    Lima           FH17MW 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP NonOp
18110.0 YV5B    Caracas        FK60NK 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle

21034   LU1DWE                                                 A1       ?
21052.3 DL5KZ   Numbrecht      JO30SU 0.25     3-el Yagi 180   A1 EXP  24  
21145.7 IZ3DVW  Nr Monselice PDJN55VF   2.5    Inv. Vee        A1      24
21149   HB9AFZ  Bellinzona     JN46ME                          A1     TEST
21150.0 4U1UN   UN New York    FN30AS 100-0.1  Vertical  Omni  A1 IBP cycle
21150.0 VE8AT   Eureka,Nunavut EQ79AX 100-0.1  Vertical  Omni  A1 IBP cycle
21150.0 W6WX    Mt Umunhum     CM97BD 100-0.1  Vertical  Omni  A1 IBP cycle
21150.0 KH6WO   Laie, Oahu HI  BL11AP 100-0.1  Vertical  Omni  A1 IBP cycle
21150.0 ZL6B    Masterton      RE78TW 100-0.1  Vertical  Omni  A1 IBP cycle
21150.0 VK6RBP  28k SE Perth   OF87AV 100-0.1  Vertical  Omni  A1 IBP cycle
21150.0 JA2IGY  Mt Asama       PM84JK 100-0.1  Vertical  Omni  A1 IBP cycle
21150.0 RR9O    Novosibirsk    NO14KX 100-0.1  Vertical  Omni  A1 IBP cycle
21150.0 VR2B    Hong Kong      OL72CQ 100-0.1  Vertical  Omni  A1 IBP cycle
21150.0 4S7B    Colombo        NJ06CC 100-0.1  Vertical  Omni  A1 IBP cycle
21150.0 ZS6DN   Pretoria       KG44DC 100-0.1  Vertical  Omni  A1 IBP cycle
21150.0 5Z4B    Kiambu         KI88MX 100-0.1  Vertical  Omni  A1 IBP cycle
21150.0 4X6TU   Tel Aviv       KM72JB 100-0.1  Vertical  Omni  A1 IBP TNonOp
21150.0 OH2B    Lohja          KP20   100-0.1  Vertical  Omni  A1 IBP cycle
21150.0 CS3B    Santo da Serra IM12OR 100-0.1  Vertical  Omni  A1 IBP cycle
21150.0 LU4AA   Buenos Aires   GF05TJ 100-0.1  Vertical  Omni  A1 IBP nonop
21150.0 OA4B    Lima           FH17MW 100-0.1  Vertical  Omni  A1 IBP nonop
21150.0 YV5B    Caracas        FK60NK 100-0.1  Vertical  Omni  A1 IBP cycle
21151.0 I1M     Bordighera     JN33UT   10    2 5/8 Vert Omni  A1    24
21171   KA5FYI  Austin TX      EM10     1.25  1/4 Vert   Omni  A1   INT
21393.8 PY3PSI  Porto Alegre   GF49KX    4     Dipole    N-S   A1   INT    

24915.0 IK6BAK  Montefelcino   JN63KR   10     Inv Vee   Omni  A1    24
24920.0 IY4M    Bologna        JN54QK                          A1 H+30>H+60m
24930.0 4U1UN   UN NY          FN30AS 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
24930.0 VE8AT   Eureka,Nunavut EQ79AX 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
24930.0 W6WX    Mt Umunhum CA  CM97BD 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
24930.0 KH6WO   Laie, Oahu HI  BL11AP 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
24930.0 ZL6B    Nr Masterton   RE78TW 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
24930.0 VK6RBP  28k SE Perth   OF87AV 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
24930.0 JA2IGY  Mt Asama       PM84JK 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
24930.0 RR9O    Novosibirsk    NO14KX 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
24930.0 VR2B    Hong Kong      OL72CQ 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
24930.0 4S7B    Colombo        NJ06CC 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
24930.0 ZS6DN   Pretoria       KG44DC 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
24930.0 5Z4B    Kiambu         KI88MX 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
24930.0 4X6TU   Tel Aviv       KM72JB 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP TNonOp
24930.0 OH2B    Lohja          KP20   100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
24930.0 CS3B    Santo da Serra IM12OR 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
24930.0 LU4AA   Buenos Aires   GF05TJ 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP nonop
24930.0 OA4B    Lima           FH17MW 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP nonop
24930.0 YV5B    Caracas        FK06NK 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
24930.5 GB3RAL  Nr Didcot      IO91IN   10    Vertical         A1  NonOp  
24931   DK0HHH  Hamburg        JO53AM   10    Dipole     Omni  A1    24
24986   JE7YNQ  Fukushima      QM07      5    Dipole           A1    24

28001   IS0ATZ                 JM49HV    5                     A1     ?
28110   F5KCK                                                  A1  ROBOT
28115.2 PY4YYF  Belo Horizonte GG57OX   15    Vertical   Omni  A1    ?    
28120.5 F5KIS                  JN23UH    1                   BPSK31  ?
28165   FY1FV   Cacao          GJ34SN                          A1    OP?
28167.6 LU3DBJ  Quilmes BA     GF05UG     3   Vertical   Omni  A1    24?
28170   VA3XCD  Oshawa ON      FN03     1.5   1/2 Vert   Omni  A1  TNonOp
28174   9H1IA   Mosta, Malta   JM75FV   7.5   Vertical   Omni  A1    24
28175   9K2RA   Kuwait                                         A1    OP?
28175   VE3TEN  Ottawa ON      FN25     10    GP         Omni  A1    24
28176   PY2RFF  Sco Pedro  SP  GG67AL   1.5   1/4 Vert   Omni  A1 TNonOp
28176.9 HP1RCP  Cerro Jefe     FJ09HD    5    Slope Dip        A1    24
28177   VE2CRH  Quebec City QC FN46HU    2    Vertical   Omni  A1    24
28178   NP4AE   Las Marias                                     F1     ?
28180.3 I1M     Bordighera     JN33UT  5/20   2x5/8 Vert Omni  A1 30/60min
28182.4 SV3AQR  Amalias        KM07QS    4    GP         Omni  A1    24
28185   VA3SRC  Burlington ON            5    Dipole           A1    PT
28185   I8EMG   Cozzo Cervello JM89BJ                                24
28188   JE7YNQ  Fukushima      QM07     50    Stack Dip  Omni  A1    24
28189   XE1SRF  Cuernavaca     EK09LA   20    5/8 4.2db  Omni  A1    24
28189.6 A47RB   Oman           LL93FO   50    AR-10      Omni  A1  NonOp
28190   LU1DZ   BA province             10    4-el Yagi  N     A1  IRREG
28190   5T5SN   Nouakchott              10    Horiz Dip        A1    24
28190   CX2DDP  El Pinar                10    Vertical   Omni  A1     ?
28190.2 LU4XS   Tierra/d/Fuego FD65PA    5    Inv Vee    Omni  A1  IRREG
28190.5 VA3ROR  Orillia ON     FN04EQ    5    Vertical   Omni  A1    24
28191   LU7VCH  RioNegro Patag.FF60LW    5    Vertical   Omni  A1     ?
28191   GB3RAL  Nr Didcot      IO91IN   10    Vertical   Omni  A1  NonOp
28191   VA6RE   Bassano AB                                     A1   INT
28191.4 LU1JMC  Gualeguay ER   GF06RX                          A1   IRREG
28192   LU2DT   Mar del Plata  GF11FX                          A1   IRREG
28192   LU2FFV  Santa Fe Prov.           5    GP         Omni  A1   IRREG
28192   AL2P                   CO45                            A1     ?
28192.9 VE4ARM  Austin  MB     EM09HW    5    GP         Omni  A1    24
28193   LU2EOR  B.A. Province  GF15AB                          A1   IRREG
28194   IK8VRQ  Naples         JN70CU    2    1/4 Vert   Omni  A1  weekend
28195.1 IY4M    Bologna        JN54QK   20    5/8 GP     Omni  A1   H>H+30m
28195   LU4EG   Bernal                                          ?
28195.7 WA2NTK  Horsehead NY   FN12NE    5    Vertical   Omni  A1    OP?
28196.0 VA2MGL  La Malbaie  PQ FN47UQ    2    Turnstile  Omni  A1    QRT  
28196.1 LU4JJ   Concordia ER   GF08XO                          A1  IRREG
28196.0 LU6DTS  La Plata BA    GF15AC    5    GP         Omni  A1  IRREG
28196.8 CX9AU   Montevideo               2                     A1     ?
28197   LU7WW   Chubut Prov.   FE77LF    5    6-el             A1  VYIRREG
28197   LW9DAH  BA Province                                    A1  VYIRREG
28197.0 VE7MTY  Vancouver  BC  CN89      5    Vertical   Omni  A1    24
28197   EP4HR   Shiraz         LL69GO    5    GP         Omni  A1    24
28198.0 HB9AFZ  Bellinzona     JN46ME   10    3-el             A1  TNonOp
28199.3 LU1FHH  El Trebol SF                                   A1    24
28200.0 4U1UN   UN New York    FN30AS 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
28200.0 VE8AT   Eureka,Nunavut EQ79AX 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
28200.0 W6WX    Mt Umunhum CA  CM97BD 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
28200.0 KH6WO   Laie, Oahu HI  BL11AP 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
28200.0 ZL6B    Nr Masterton   RE78TW 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
28200.0 VK6RBP  28k SE Perth   OF87AV 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
28200.0 JA2IGY  Mt Asama       PM84JK 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
28200.0 RR9O    Novosibirsk    NO14KX 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
28200.0 VR2B    Hong Kong      OL72CQ 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP nonop
28200.0 4S7B    Colombo        NJ06CC 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
28200.0 ZS6DN   Pretoria       KG44DC 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
28200.0 5Z4B    Kiambu         KI88MX 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
28200.0 4X6TU   Tel Aviv       KM72JB 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP TNonOp
28200.0 OH2B    Lohja          KP20   100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
28200.0 CS3B    Santo da Serra IM12OR 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
28200.0 LU4AA   Buenos Aires   GF05TJ 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP TNonOp
28200.0 OA4B    Lima           FH17MW 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP TNOnOp
28200.0 YV5B    Caracas        FK60NK 100-0.1 Vertical   Omni  A1 IBP cycle
28201.5 SK3GK   Gdvle          JP80NP    4    1/4GP@50m  Omni  A1    24
28201.6 N9JL    Shorewood IL   EN51VM   10                     A1     ?
28202   N6DXX   Sacramento CA  CM98FM    3    Ringo@18'  Omni  A1    24
28202.3 ZS1J    Napier                   5    1/2 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28203   SR4TEN  Suchacz        JO94RG    3               Omni  A1    24
28203.9 N0WY    Plattsmouth NE EN21BA    3    Vertical   Omni  A1    24
28203.5 K6LLL   Laguna Beach CA                                A1    24
28203.9 N3NIA   Nr Ridgway PA  FN01PK    4    Dipole           A1    24
+ spurious outputs
28204.5 K3WJR   Wattsburg PA   FN02CA   0.85  Vertical   Omni  A1    24
28204.7 KA9QMD  Milwaukee WI   EN53      1    Vertical   Omni  A1    24?
28205.0 DL0IGI  Hohenpeissenb'gJN57MT  150    1/4 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28206   AF0H    Park Hills MI  EM47RU    1    Vertical   Omni  A1  IRREG
28206   KB0LNB  Princeton MN   EN35      5    Vertical   Omni  A1    24
28206.1 VA3GRR  Brampton ON    FN03      1.75 1/2 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28206.6 W8NGA   Grove City OH  EM89KV    5    Ringo      Omni  A1    24
28207   W9HZC   Omaha NE                                       A1     ?  
28207   OH5JJL                 KP21FI    5    2-el Quad   220  A1  IRREG
28207.5 S55ZRS  Mt Kum         JN76MC   10    1/4 GP     Omni  A1  NonOp
28208.1 JR0YAN  Nr Toyama      PM86JW   25    Hor.Loop         A1    24+++
28208.5 AK2F    Mt Drive NJ    FN20      4    Vert Dip   Omni  A1    24
28208.6 EI0TEN  Cobh, Co. Cork IO51UU   50    Dipole     NW/SE A1    24
28209   W4JE    Hayesville NC  EM85EB    7    Horiz. Dip N-S   A1    24*
28209   KH6AP   Kikei Maui HI  BL10SS   20    3/8 Vert   Omni  A1 TNonOp
28210V  N9YDZ   Brighton IL                                    A1    24
28210   K4DPC   Wilmington NC  FM14      3    A99 U'ground ?   A1    24
28210.5 VE4TEN  Winnipeg MB    EN19      2    1/2 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28211   DB0FKS  20kS Darmstadt         0.2    DV27 Vert  Omni  A1  Test                                                      ?
28211   K5ARC   Galvez LA      EM40     20    Vertical   Omni  A1     ?
28211.1 LA4TEN  Sotra I.       JP20LG  250    Vertical   Omni  A1  NonOp
28211.5 KK7PG   Buckeye AZ                                     A1    24
28212   PY2SBA  S.Bernardo do  GG66RP                          A1     ?
               Campo SP
28212.5 K0KP    Fredenberg MN  EN36VW  0.5    GP         Omni  A1    24
28213.2 DM0ING  Ingelheim      JN49AX   10    GP         Omni  A1    24                                                     UC
28213.5 VK3RSX  Dunolly  Vic   QF13LR   10    5/8 GP     Omni  A1    24
28214   LU7DQP  Lanos BuenosBA GF05TH                          A1   INT
28214   KB4SB   SugarloafShore FL                              A1     ?
28214   N4LEM   Cocoa Beach FL           5                     A1  TEST
28215   KA9SZX  Champagne IL   EN50VD    1    CX 1000    Omni  A1    24
28215   GB3RAL  Nr Didcot      IO91IN   25    HorizDip   Omni  F1 TNonOp
28215   N3MVF   Nr PittsburgPA FN00                            A1   INT
28216   KE4ZRT                 EM81    50mw                    A1    ?       
28217   IQ1SP   Monte VerrugoliJN44VC    3    1/2 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28217   AB7RG   Cottonwood AZ  DM44AQ    5    AR10@50'   Omni  A1    24
28217   WB0FTL  Alden MN       EN33FP    5    AR10@25'   Omni  A1    24
28217   WB9VMY  Calumet OK     EM05                            A1    OP?
28217.9 W6GY    Star ID        DM13      1    5/8 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28218.3 WB4JHS  Orlando FL     EL98HJ    5                     A1  QRT?
28218.5 W8MI    Mackinaw C. MI EN75      0.5  Vertical   Omni  A1    24
28218.5 KA0PSE  Duluth      MN EN36VT    4    Inv V @35' Omni  A1    24
28218.7 K2KL    Monsey NY      FN21WC    3    Horiz Dip  Omni  A1    24
28219.7 AD5VJ
28219.9 KB9DJA  Mooresville IN EM69RO   35    GP         Omni  A1    24
28220   5B4CY   Zygi           KM64PR   26    GP         Omni  F1    24
28220   K6BA    Vista CA                                       A1    24
28220   W8VO    Sterling Hts MIEN82NU    5    Vert@50'   Omni  A1    24
28220.3 ER1AAZ  Chisinau                 4    GP               A1    24?                                                  ?
28220.5 W8VO    Nr Detroit                                     A1     ? 
28221   WE4S    McDonough GA   EM73TM                          A1    24
28221.4 KF4DDJ                           5    Attic Dip  Omni  A1    24
28222.3 WK4DS   Trenton GA     EM74FU    2    Dipole     NE-SW A1    24
28222.5 CX5BW   40kN Montevideo GF25AE  10    GP               A1   INT
28222.6 VE3EEL  Ottawa ON      FN25      2    1/4 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28223.2 KC6UFE  Chico CA       CM99BS   20    VertDip@30' Omni A1  TNonOp
28223.6 K6BA                   DM13JF                          A1     ?
28224   F5SN    Dole           JN27RB    5    3-el Yagi  240  Multi  24
28224.2 YB9BWN                                                        ?                                
28224.7 HA5BHA                 JN97PL    5               Omni         ?
28224.8 KW7Y    Marysville WA  CN88SD    4    Vertical   Omni  A1    24
28225   KG0RP   Louisville CO  DM79KX   10    Vert@15'   Omni  A1    24
28225   N7JS    Ogden UT       DN41BE   >1    Vertical   Omni  A1    24
28225.4 KD5ITC  Corpus Christi EL17      3    Vertical   Omni  A1    OP?
28226V  PY3IBZ  Porto Alegre   GF49KW   20    Vertical   Omni  A1    24   
28226.5 KS6Z    Vista CA       DM13JF    5    Vertical   Omni  A1    OP?
28226.5 NR5A    SD                                                   UC
28226.6 KC6WGN  Las Vegas NV            10               Omni  A1    24
28227   VE9AT   WhiteHead I.NB FN64      0.1                   A1    24
28227   KC0W    Minnetonka MN  EN34      5                     A1    OP?
28227.5 IW3FZQ  Monselice PD   JN55VF    5    1/2 GP     Omni  A1    24
28228   ZL3TEN  Rolliston      RE66     20    1/2 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28228   K5DZE   Huntsville AL  EM64      5    2-elYagi V Up    A1  TEMP
28228.5 N3CJM                  FM29GU    5    5/8 Vert   Omni         ?
28229   ZL2MHF  Nr Wellington  RE78NU   10    1/2 Vert   Omni  F1    24                 
28229.5 WI9X    Belleville IL            2    Vertical   Omni  A1   INT
28230   IQ8CZ   Catanzo        JM88HV   10    GP         Omni  A1    24                                       ?
28230   PY3UEB  Porto Alegre   GF49                                   ?
28230   WH6P    Kanohe Bay HI  BL11CK   10    R7 Vert    Omni  A1   INT
28230.4 PY3ARL  Port Alegre    GF49JW    5    GP@287m    Omni  A1    24
28231.0 OH5RAC  Kuusankoski    KP30HV    5    Dipole    20/200 F1    24                                                   UC
28231.4 HP1AC   Cerro Azul     FJ09HD    4    Slope Dip        A1 TNonOp
28232   W7JPI   Sonoita AZ     DM41QP    5    3 el Yagi   045  A1    OP?
28232.6 N9BPE   Tuscaloosa IL  EM59UT    2    1/2Dip@20' Omni  A1    24
28233   N2UHC   Pittsburg KS   EM27PK    4    Vert Dip   Omni  A1    24
28233   KD4EC   Jupiter FL     EL96WW    5    Vertical   Omni  A1 TNonop
28234   N9SSA   Holland MI               0.5                   A1  NonOp
28234.1 N9RET   Broadside IL   EN61      7    A99 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28234.5 W1FVB   Whitefield NH  FN44EJ    3    Dipole     Omni  A1    24
28234.9 EA2ZRA                 IN91NP                          A1     ?
28235   W3AW    Barclay  IL    EM59?     1    Long Dip         A1    OP?
28235.2 VE1CBZ  KeswickRidge NBFN65      2    A99 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28235.6 VE3GOP  Mississauga ON FN03GD    0.2  A99 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28236.0 WX5NCO  Owasso OK      EM26      5    GP         Omni  A1    24
28236.5 W0KIZ   Nr Denver CO   DM79      5    Vertical   Omni  A1    24
28237.6 LA5TEN  Nr Oslo        JO59JP   15    1/2 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28237.8 N4ES    Clearwater FL  EL83PA 20/2/.2/02 Vert    Omni  A1    24   
28238   KB2SEO  Eton GA        EM74OT    1    GP@35'     Omni  A1    24
28238.6 K5UNY   FarmersBranchTXEM12NW    4    L          Omni  A1    24
28239   IZ2DAY                 JN45PM   10    GP         Omni  A1    24
28239.2 AL7FS   Anchorage AK             3    KT34A@40ft E     A1    PT
28239.5 KC8QNO  Matville MI                                    A1    OP?
28230   IK0ZRR  Rome           JN61FU    5    Vertical   Omni  A1    EXP                                                      ?
28240+  XE3OAX  Ocotlan, OAX   EK17PA  0.5?   + sev.spurii     A1    24?
28240   W1NRA   Phenix City AL EM72LL    5    Vert@20'   Omni  A1    24
28240.2 KC8HZM  Harrisburg PA                                  A1     ?
28240.6 YO2X    Timisoara      KN05PS    3    GP         Omni  A1  10-18z
28241.0 VE3SEC  SouthGilliesON EN58      5    Vert@30'   Omni  A1    24
28241.5 F5ZUU   Malataverne    JN24IL    5    1/2 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28242   W2IK    San Antonio TX EL09     10    1/2 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28243   KH2RU/KP4                        5    Vertical   Omni  A1    24
28243.3 F5TMJ   Nr Toulouse    JN03SM    5    Horiz Loop Omni  A1    24
28244.0 WA6APQ  Long Beach CA  DM13     30    Vertical   Omni  A1    24
28244.8 IT9DTV  Messina        JM78SD    8    GP         Omni  A1    24
28246   VE9BEA  Crabbe Mntn NB FN66      6    AR10@43'   Omni  A1    24              
28246.0 KG2GL   Nutley NJ      FN20      5    R5Vert @40'Omni  A1   INT
28246.5 N7HFK   Ogden UT                 0.5  Vertical   Omni  A1    24
28247   WB5IIM  Guymon OK                4    GP         Omni  A1    24
28247.5 KG7RS   Mesa AZ                  1    Vertical   Omni  A1    OP?
28247.9 N1ME    Bangor ME      FN54PS    5                     A1    24
28248.5 K5DDJ   San Antonio TX EL09     0.5   GP         Omni  A1    24
28248.5 N7LT    Bozeman MT     DN45LQ 4/.4/.04 1/2 GP    Omni  A1    24
28248.8 ER1TEN                                                        ?
28249.3 PY5ND   Curittba PR    GG54IN                          A1  IRREG
28249.5 PY3PSI  Porto Alegre   GF49KX    2.8  GP         Omni  A1  IRREG
28249.7 PI7BQC  Haarlem        JO22HK    2                     A1    24
28249.8 K8NDB   Somerton AZ    DM22QQ    4    1/4 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28250)  N4ESS   Tampa FL                20    Vertical   Omni  A1  SYNCH)n
28250)  N4ES    Tampa FL                20/2/.2/02 Horiz.      A1  SYNCH)n
28250)  WB4WOR  Greensboro NC           20/2/.2/.02 Hor        A1  TEST )n  
28250)  K7EK    Spanaway WA    CN87TB   25    1/2 Vert   Omni  A1  SYNCH)n
28250)  N4ES    Clearwater FL        20/2/.2/.02 Horiz.        A1  SYNCH)n
28250   W3ATV   Trevose PA     FN20      1    Dipole           A1    24
28250   K0HTF   Des Moines IA  EN31DO    3    Inv.V@10'        A1    24
28250   LZ4IP                                                         ?
28250   EA3TEN  Lleida         JN01SU   10    5/8 Vert.  Omni  A1    24                                                        ?
28250.1 Z21ANB  Bulawayo       KG47      8    GP         Omni  F1    24
28251.8 WN4OAA  Gray TN        EM86      0.5  GP         Omni  A1    24
28252.3 N9AVY   Milton WI      EN52MS    2    Ringo@12'  Omni  A1    24
28252.5 W6PC    Mt Woodson CA  DM13NB   10    Dipole     Omni  A1    OP?
28253   VK3RMV  Wannon VIC     QF12     20                         NonOp
28253   KG4YUV  Crandall GA    EM74OW    7    A99 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28254.7 W4STT   Hastings FL    EL99GQ   20    Vertical   Omni  A1  12-2400
28255   N0AR    St Paul MN     EN35KB   0.125 1/2 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28255   KI4PJ   Palm Bay FL              5    4-band VertOmni  A1   8/24
28255.5 N8YEL   Zeeland MI     EN62XU    3    5/8Vert@12'Omni  A1    24
28256   C30P    Andorra        JN02SM   10    R5 Vert@2m Omni  A1    24
28256.5 VK3RMH  25kNEMelbourne QF22OH 20/2    1/2 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28257.2 KC8COM  Buckley WV     EM87                            A1     ?
28257.5 DK0TEN  Konstanz       JN57NP   40    GP         Omni  F1    24
28257.8 WY5I    Port St KucieFLEL96      5    7db Coll.  Omni  A1 07-2200LT
28258   NV4B    Russelville AL EM64DM    5    Vertical   Omni  A1  TEST
28258.8 WA8RC   Battle CreekMI EN72      5    Vertical   Omni  A1    24
28259   W5RTX   Rockwall TX              5    1/2 Square NE/SE A1    24
28259   F5KMD   Valenciennes59 JO10SI    5    3dbi Vert  Omni  A1    24
28259.3 VK5RLZ  Nr Adelaide    PF95GD   10    GP         Omni  A1    24
28259.5 W6ZIP   VictoriavilleCA DM23     2    Indoor Dip       A1    OP?
28259.8 KA1NSV/4Green Bay VA   FM07     25    Vert.Dip.  Omni  A1    24
28260   AA9L    S Milwaukee WI EN62BV         A90@60ft   Omni  A1  TEST
28260.4 PY3PAG  RS                                             A1  IRREG
28261.0 N7LF    Corbett OR     CN85VI                          A1    24  
28261   KP3FT   Ponce PR                 4    Solarcon99 Omni  A1  TNonOp     
28261   KF4OTI  North TempleME                                 A1  IRREG
28261.5 N4VBV   Sumter SC      EM93TW    5    Attic Dip        A1    24
28261.8 VK2RSY  Sydney         QF56MH   25    1/2 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28262   WB8KRN  Lexington OH   EN80QQ    3    1/2 Vert   Omni  A1  TNONOP
28262.3 K8TK    Clarklake MI   EN72TC                          A1     ?
28263.0 N6PEQ   Tustin CA      DM13      5    Dip@25'    NE/SW A1    OP?
28263.3 EA4DAT  Cuenca         IN80VB    5    5/8 Vert   Omni  A1   TEST
28263.5 W4JPL   Liberty NC     FM05      4                     A1    24?
28264.0 AB8Z    Parma OH       EN91DJ    5    5/8 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28264   VK6RWA  Carine WA      OF78WB   20    5/8 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28264   JA5ZQM  Tokushima      PM74GA   10    1/2 GP     Omni  A1    OP?
28264.1 N8WLC   Lexington OH   EN80RQ    5    180' dip   E-W   A1  TNONOP
28264.5 K7NWS   Seattle WA               1    GP         Omni  A1    24
28265   DF0ANN  Moritzberg Hill JN59PL   5    Dipole     E-W   A1    24
28265   N7SCQ   Sacramento CA            3                     A1    24  
28265   NC4SW   Zebulon NC     FM05                            A1     ?
28266.5 KA1EKS  Millinocket ME FN55OO    4    A99 GP     Omni  A1    24
28267   AE5X    West HarrisonNYFN31DB    4    1/4 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28267.6 OH9TEN  Pirttikoski    KP36OI   20    1/2 GP     Omni  A1    24
28268.3 VK8VF   Darwin         PH57KP   25    1/4 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28268.9 AA1TT   Claremont NH   FN33      5                     A1    24
28269.1 W2RTB   Nr Victor NY   FN13     10    GP         Omni  A1    24
28269.5 W3HH    Nr Ocala FL              6    Hamstick   Omni  A1    24
28270   W8BEP   Sault S MarieMIEN76     10    windom           A1   INT
28270   VK4RTL  Townsville     QH30JS    5    Vertical         F1    24
28270.2 K4AIS   Waleska   GA                                   A1    24
28271   VE1/W1BKR Henry I.     FN95      3    GP         Omni  A1   INT
28271.7 W4TIY   Dallas GA                4    1/4over5/8 Omni  A1    24                    
28272.5 K5BTV   Cumming GA     EM74      0.25 HF6V Vert  Omni  A1    24
28273   N5DUH   BossierCity LA EM32DL    2    Dipole           A1    24
28273   N4HLF   Apopka FL               15    A99 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28274.4 W4NTI                            5                     A1     ?
28274.7 N0UD    Halliday ND    DN87SH                          A1    24
28275   NP2SH   St John US VI                                  A1    24
28275   NP4AM                  FK68MI                          A1     ?
28275   KG4GVV  Summerville SC EM93           Vertical   Omni  A1    24
28275.7 XE1AKM  Colima                        + spurii         A1    24
28276   K4UKB   Danville KY    EM77NP   10    5/8 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28277   WB7RBN  Benton City WA DN06IG                          A1    24
28277.3 KD4MZM  Sarasota FL    EL87RG    3    Ringo@15'  Omni  A1    24
28277.6 DM0AAB  Kiel           JO54GH   10    GP         Omni  F1    24
28278   AC3A    Leawood KS     EM28QV    5    Attic Dip  NE/SW A1    24
28279.5 DK0TS   Traunstein     JN67HV                          A1     ?
28279.7 KK0CQ   Devil's LakeND EN08NC                          A1     ?
28280.0 K5AB    Goldthwaite TX EM10DH   20    5/8 GP@45' Omni  A1    24
28280.5 WB6FYR  Quartz Hill CA DM04     10    5/8 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28281   W8EH    Middletown OH  EM79TL   7.5   Vert@40'   Omni  A1    24
28282   LA6TEN  Kirkenes       KP49XQ 10/1/.1            Omni  A1    24
28282.5 W0ERE   HighlandvilleMOEM36IW    5    Vertical   Omni  A1    24
28282.6 OK0EG   Hradec Kralove JO70WE   10    GP         Omni  F1    24
28282.8 KA2KGP  Forestville NY                                 A1     ?
28283.6 KC9GNK  Wisconsin DellsEN53     40    AR10@40ft  Omni  A1    24                   A1     ?
28284   KJ7AZ   Rawlins WY     DN61JS    5    Vertical   Omni  A1    OP?
28284.8 WD8AQS  Fremont MI     EN73AL    5                     A1     ?
28285.0 VP8ADE  Adelaide I.    FC52WK    8    Horiz Dip  EU/JA A1    24
28285.1 N2JNT   Troy NY        FN32DR    1    GP         Omni  A1    24
28285.8 WA4ROX  Largo FL       EL87      0.75                  A1    24
28286   N5AQM   Chandler AZ    DM43AH    2    Vertical   Omni  A1    24
28286   NU4G    Manchester TN  EM65WL                          A1    24
28286.5 NQ2RP   Brockport NY   FN02      2    2-el Yagi  230   A1  TNonOp
28286.6 WA8YWO  Nr Richwood WV EM98      0.1  Slope dip        A1    24
28287   K7FFF   Hillsboro OR   CN85MM    2    Dipole    SSE/NNWA1    OP?
28287   W7HDD   Wenatchee WA   CN97TK    0.5  Vertical   Omni  A1  TNonOp
28288.0 WA7LNW  Hurricane UT   DM37ID    5    FWave LoopEU/PAC A1    24
28288   SM0NCL/3Tasjo          JP83     50    GP         Omni  A1    24
28289.0 WJ5O    Cor. Christi TXEL17      2    Yagi       NE    A1  TNonOp
28289.7 N6UNY   ThousandOaksCA DM04NF                          A1    24?
28289.8 VR2TEN  Hong Kong      OL72      5    1/4 GP     Omni  A1    24
28290   KA9MGS  Oak Park IL              1.5  Vertical   Omni  A1    24
28290.3 N8NSY   Brighton MI    EN82CN    2    A99        Omni  A1    OP?
28290.4 SK5AE   Strangnas      JO89KK   50    GP         Omni  A1    24 
28290.3 WB4WOR  Randleman NC   FM06BT    3    Vertical   Omni  A1    24
28290.9 N7CZ    Great Falls MT DN47     10    1/2 Vert   Omni  A1    OP?
28291   VE3LZ   Hamilton ON              3    attic dip.       A1    OP?
28291.3 K3NG    Lehighton PA   FN20EV   0.15  Vert@10ft  Omni  A1    24
28292.0 N7GSU   McMinnville OR CN85IF  0.250  Vertical   Omni  A1    OP?
28292.0 VA3VA   Windsor ON     EN82      5    Horiz Dip        A1    24  
28292.5 KM4GS   KentuckyLakeKY EM56     0.5   Vertical   Omni  A1    OP?                                   ?
28292.5 SK0CT   Sollentuna     JO89XK   10    GP         Omni  A1    24
28293   K8FLY   Muskegon MI    EN63     30    Vertical   Omni  A1    OP?
28293.4 ND4Z    Gilbert SC     EM94      3    GP@70'     Omni  A1    24
28295   KD1ZX   CentralFallsRI FN41HV    4    Vert@10'   Omni  A1    24
28295.1 SK2TEN  Kristineberg   JP95HB    5    Vertical   Omni  A1   TNonOp
28295.8 W3VD    Laurel MD      FM19NE   10    Hor.Dipole NE/SW A1    24
28296   KA7BGR  CentralPointOR CN82                            A1    24
28296.5 W7LFD   MercerIsland WACN87VN    2    Inv V            A1    OP?
28297.1 NS9RC   Winnetka IL    EN62DC    8    1/2 Vert   Omni  A1    24
28297.5 SK7TEN  Lonneberga     JO77UM   15    GP         Omni  A1    24
28298.0 V73TEN  Roi Namur I    RJ39RJ         Horiz OA50 Omni        24
28298.3 DA5MMB  Nr Mainz       JN49CX    5    GP         Omni  Multi 24
                      Includes SSB
28298.6 K4JDR   Raleigh NC     FM05     10    Vertical   Omni  A1    24      
28300   KF4MS   Tallahassee FL EM70VM    1    10m Ringo  Omni  A1     ?
28300   VK2RS   Bathurst NSW   QF46SN    5    3/4 Vert   Omni       TEST
28301.0 PI7ETE  Amersfoort     JO22QD    0.5  Vertical   Omni  F1A   24
28321   DL5KZ   Numbrecht      JO30SU    5    A99        Omni       EXP
28321.47IW1QIF  Genova         JN44NL    0.1  Dipole           QRSS3 24
28321.93IK1ZYW  Torino         JN35TC    0.1  Vertical   Omni  QRSS3 24
28321.95IW0HK   Rome           JN61FV    10mw Vertical   Omni  QRSS3 24
28321.98I1DFS   La Spezia      JN54AC    0.1  Dipole     NW    QRSS  24
28322.1 IS0GSR  Nr Cagliari    JM49JN    0.1  Dipole           QRSS3 24
28322.5 F1VJT   StGermain/Puoh JN33      0.1                          ?


?= Activity uncertain INT= Intermittent PT=Part-time IRREG= Irregular
UC=Under Construction (T)NonOp=(Temporarily)NotOperational OP?=Operational?   
V= Varies EXP=Experimental WkEnd=Weekends during daylight LT=Local Time

SYNCHn= frequency sharing synchronised beacons. Currently transmitting in
sequence N4ESS(0.00seconds), N4ES(0.20) WB4WOR (0.30) K7EK(0.40) N4ES(0.50)
+++ Transmits 10 minutes constant carrier followed by ID
zzz These beacons transmit in sequence at 15-minute intervals: GB3RAL on the
hour and H+15m, H+30, H+45. GB3WES at H+1, H+16 etc and GB3ORK at H+2, H+17
etc. Transmissions have a stepped power sequence and a 30-second sounder
sequence of 0.5ms pulses at 40Hz prf

OLIVIA

2006-12-03T05:24:00.000-08:00

Creator : Pawel Jalocha SP9VRC in 2005

Beschreibung :

Baudrate : 31.25
Geschwindigkeit : 2.44 Zeichen/sec entspricht 24 wpm
Modulation : FSK 32 Töne mit einer Änderung zwischen den Tönen von 31.25 Hz (1000 Hz Bandbreite). Ein " Block " wird definiert und besteht aus 64 Symbolen von 5 Bits (in anderen Worten eine Matrize von 64 Säulen (in einer bestimmten Zeit) und 5 Linien). Jede von den 5 Block-Linien dieses Block entspricht einem Charakter, der verschlüsselt worden ist, auf einem 64 Bits-Vektor, unter Verwendung der Walsh-Hadamard Transformation, um ein hohes Niveau an Überfuss darstellt.

Notiz: die benutzte Matrize hat die Dimension 128x64, die ersten 64 Linien ist die 64 übliche orthogonal-Kombinationen der Hadamard Matrize. Die 64 nächsten Linien sind ihr Gegenteil. Eine Ansammlung von Linien sind entweder orthogonal (scalar-product=0) oder biorthogonal (scalar-Produkt <0).
Die Empfangsmode: (USB oder LSB), USB wird empfohlen
Form der Impulse : bestimmte Form (zwischen einem Hanning Fenster und einem rechteckigen Fenster)
Charakter-set : ASCII 7 Bit (128 Charaktere)

Bandwidth : 1000 Hz
Synchronization : automatisch
Correction code: nein
Windung-Code: nein
Interleaving : ja, als 5 Bit vertikal im Block,

Scrambling: ja, mit einer 64 Bit-Reihenfolge, die auf jeder Linie des Block angewandt wird, aber mit einem Delay von 13 Bit zwischen zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Linien.

Drift tolerance : 30 Hz/mn Signal/Rausch-Verhältnis zufolge,

Pmean/Ppeak: 0.76

Niedrigster S/N: -12 dB

Notiz: es existieren 39 andere Olivia Modes von 8 bis 256 Tönen und von 125 bis 2000 Hz von Bandbreite. Alle werden auf die gleiche Weise arbeitend.
................................
Wie Multipsk-Olivia zu benutzen ist, (Absatz von Fred (DK4ZC))

Olivia ist von SP9VRC, Dr. Pawel Jalocha, der auch mt63 machte, entwickelt worden.
Es ist eine mfsk-Form, die für digitale Datenübermittlung verwendet wird wenn die Bedingungen schlecht sind oder bei starkem Rauschen, Fading, Mehrwegausbreitung, Flattern oder Aurora. Aber es funktioniert auch bei QRM von anderen Digitalen Signalen im empfangenen Bereich z.B. automatische Stationen.
Für diesen Zweck besitzt der Empfänger zwei Fehler-Korrektur-Techniken. Als ein Ergebnis ist es jetzt möglich, ein Signal zu entschlüsseln das zwar noch gehört aber nicht mehr im Wasserfall gesehen wird.
Für technische Details sehen Sie bitte: http://homepage.sunrise.ch/mysunrise/jalocha/mfsk.html
F6CTE Kommentar: siehe Sie auch RX/TX Mode Auswahl und ihre Beschreibung

Um ein Signal einzustellen das durch Ohren und Augen nicht feststellbar ist, wir müssen andere Methoden für das abstimmen benutzen.
Während für alle anderen Modes nur das Wissen eines Frequenzbandes notwendig ist um ein Signal finden, müssen wir gut definiert Kanäle für Olivia benutzen. Der Anruf-Kanal ist auf 14108.50 kHz. Andere Kanäle sind auf 14104.50, 14105.50, 14106.50, 14107.50 USB.
F6CTE Kommentar: diese Kanal-Frequenzen werden für eine AF Frequenzen von 1000 Hz verwendet.

Um genau auf einer Kanal-Frequenz zu sein, muss der Sender-Empfänger kalibriert werden.
Bei 14999.00 kHz ist ein Träger feststellbar der, wenn Sie Multipsk-Olivia geladen haben, der einen 1000 Hz roter Fleck im Wasserfall anzeigt. Falls es Ihr Sender-Empfänger auf einer anderen Tonfrequenz ist, ist der Transceiver so abzustimmen dass das Signal genau bei 1000 Hz ist. Wahrscheinlich wird es noch einen Offset von weniger als 10 Hz geben, der automatisch von der AFC des Multipsk Programms ausgeregelt werden kann.
-Beispiel: Sie fanden heraus, daß Ihre Sender-Empfänger-Auslage 14999.02 kHz zeigt, wenn auf dem 1000 Hz Fleck im Wasserfall abgestimmt ist. Stimmen Sie den Sender-Empfänger auf 14108.52 kHz, um die korrekte Einstellung für den Anruf-Kanal zu haben (14108.50 KHz).
F6CTE Kommentar: der Träger auf der 15000 Khz Frequenz ist ein WWV Träger, so wie der auf 10000 KHz...

Wie oben erwähnt, ist Olivia gegen QRM irgendeiner Art nicht empfindlich, aber nicht für ein Olivia Signal, das im Bandbereich eines Kanals anwesend ist. Es kann passieren, daß sie in diesem Fall nicht fähig sein werden Ihren Partner zu entschlüsseln noch anzuzeigen, sondern sie entschlüsseln Zeichen einer anderen Station. Aus diesem Grund ist es eine gute Art, zuerst herauszufinden ob der Kanal frei, oder im Gebrauchist. Man wartet eine Minute, bevor nam zu senden anfängt.
Was ist zu machen, wenn der Sender-Empfänger nicht stabil ist, oder in der Aufwärmperiode?
In diesem Fall müssen Sie den Sender-Empfänger auf die korrekten Frequenz abstimmen. Nie die AFC benutzen, so als Sie über das Band drehen würden. Schalten Sie AFC aus!
F6CTE Kommentar: die normale Position vom AFC ist "ON", dieses für "normale" Drift. Bei sehr großen Drifts, so wie von Fred gesagt, Abstimmen des Sender-Empfänger ...aber die AFC in Mode "On" (automatische AF Tuning).

HF Fax

2006-12-03T05:22:00.001-08:00

In HF Fax, such stations as meteorological transmissions of official stations exist, for example:
* Bracknell Meteo on 2618.5, 4610 or 8040 Khz,
* RN London on 3652, 4307 or 6446 Khz,
* Hambourg Meteo on 3855, 7880 or 13882.5 Khz.

There are two types of fax: "black and white" or with 8 grey scales, but only the first seems to be used.

In " black and white" fax, two AF frequencies are transmitted: one at low frequency (1500 Hz), the other at high frequency (2300 Hz), the first tone corresponding to black and the second to white. These two frequencies, separated by a shift (800 Hz in SW), can effectively modulate the RF when transmitted (AFSK) or be artificially produced by a simple shift of RF frequency (FSK). For the listener, they both sound the same.

The listening is on USB, the user must adjust the receiver frequency 1900 Hz ((1500+2300)/2) below the transmitter frequency (for example, BRACKNELL METEO on 2616,6 KHz).
In grey scales, frequencies are located between 1500 and 2300 Hz.

The scan speed or number of lines produced per minute (lpm) may be of 60, 90 ou 120. In Western Europ, the speed is 120 lpm. In Eastern Europ, the speeds are 60 and 90 lpm.

The indice of co-operation (IOC) is an exploration characterictic of the transmitted picture. This indice corresponds to the ratio between the cylinder diameter to the scan step (between two successive lines). In practice, the IOC defines the maximum transmission duration. For example, for 120 lpm, the duration will be of 9.4 minutes for an IOC of 288 and 18.8 minutes for an IOC of 576. For 60 lpm, durations would be doubled.
The official stations use IOC of 288 and 576 and rather this second value, but as the maximum duration is rarely used, an IOC of 288 may be utilized.

Hams use an IOC of 288 and a speed of 120 lpm. Pictures are transmitted either in "black and white" or in grey scales.

SSTV

2006-12-03T05:21:00.001-08:00

The SSTV ("Slow Scan Television") allows the user to send fixed pictures, in colors or in grey scales, with a transmission band similar to the one of HF Fax (“ shift ” of 800 Hz, the white at 2300 Hz and the black at 1500 Hz). Different SSTV modes exist.
SSTV is, as Fax mode, an analog mode, not a digital mode.

In SSTV "grey scales" (as in B/W24), frequencies are situated between 1500 and 2300 Hz from the black (1500 Hz) to the white (2300 Hz). In a color picture, the grey nuance is defined as equal to the mean value between the three fundamental color levels (green, red and blue).

For example for the "B/W 24" mode, the picture is defined on a width of 320 columns and a height of 240 lines. In this mode, the following are sent successively:
* the VIS code for B/W24: this binary code allows to define the used mode. It is available for classical modes as Martin 1 or Scottie 1. The bit "0" is defined by a frequency of 1100 Hz and the bit "1" by a frequency of 1300 Hz. Therefore starting from a state when the mode is unknown, the VIS code will allow to define it.
* a synchronization signal of 7 ms long at 1200 Hz,
* a transmission of 93 ms long to define the grey level.
* this process is repeated (synchronization then grey level) for each of the 240 lines. So the transmission of a picture is 24 seconds long.
Note 1: for a better appearance, the grey level is computed according to a "physiological" formula:
Grey level = 0,30 x Red level + 0,59 x Green level + 0,11 x Blue level
Note 2: 256 grey nuances are distinguished which is sufficient.

In SSTV "color" (as in Martin1), the color of each pixel is defined from the fundamental colors, the proportion of each of these three components allows to define a big number of colors (256x256x256).
As an example of color mode, we can start with the "Martin1" mode, where the picture is defined on a width of 320 pixels and a height of 256 pixels. In this mode are sent successively:
* the VIS code for Martin1,
* a synchronization signal of 5 ms long at 1200 Hz,
* a passage of 147 ms long to define the green level,
* a passage of 147 ms long to define the blue level,
* a passage of 147 ms long to define the red level. Here, the line is complete,
* this process is repeated (synchronization, green, blue, red) for each of the 256 lines. So the transmission of a picture is 114 sec long.

The modes proposed by the author are the following:
* Martin 1: color mode, transmission time: 114 sec,
* Martin 2: color mode, transmission time: 58 sec,
* Scottie 1: color mode, transmission time: 110 sec,
* Scottie 2: color mode, transmission time: 71 sec,
* Scottie DX: color mode, transmission time: 268 sec,
* Robot 36: color mode, transmission time: 36 sec,
* Robot 72: color mode, transmission time: 72 sec,
* B/W 24: grey scales mode, transmission time: 24 sec,

Notes:
* Martin and Scottie modes are all in a picture format of 320x256, the others in 320x240,
* Martin modes have been developped by Martin Emmerson G3OQD,
* Scottie modes have been developped by Eddy Murphy GM3BSC,
* the B/W 24 and Robot 36/72 are modes developped by the firm "Robot" (USA),
* S/N ratio must be high (>0 dB) to distinguish the picture.

HELL 80

2006-12-03T05:19:00.000-08:00

HELL 80

Hell 80 is an Hellschreiber mode.
Creator : Siemens company in the 1960's

Description :
Baud rate : 315 (one pixel is 3.175 ms long)
Reading direction: column by column, from down to up and from left to right,
Matrix : height: 9 pixels et width: 7 pixels…so a total of 63 pixels per character. For each character, 2 lines and 2 columns are reserved for the frame.
Speed : 50 wpm (5 characters by second)
Modulation : FSK two tones with a shift between tones of 300 Hz. Normally, the white is at 1625 Hz and the black at 1925 Hz.
Receive mode : USB
Character set : all ASCII printable characters except small letters, carriage return (+ line feed) and error reset character. The used font derived from the one used for FELD HELL,
Shape of pulse : rectangular
Bandwidth : about 800 Hz (due to rectangular shape),
Synchronization : no need, each column is displayed vertically 2 times (but transmitted once)
Pmean/Ppeak : 1
Lowest S/N : - 4 dB

Note 1 : a start-stop mode also exists in the original system (not described here and not emulated by Multipsk).
Note 2 : it is added a "DX" and a "Super DX" sub-mods (provided also for FELD HELL and PSKHELL).
Additive F6CTE specification: when no character has to be transmitted, the power is reduced by a factor 9, this to keep the trace of the frequency associated to the white color, so as to signal that the transmission is still in progress.

PSK HELL

2006-12-03T05:18:00.002-08:00

Psk Hell is a Hellschreiber mode.
Createad by : Nino Porcino (IZ8BLY) and Murray Greenman (ZL1BPU)

Description :
Baud rate : 105 or 245 (only 245 bauds on Multipsk)
Matrix : for PSK HELL 105 bauds…height: 6 pixels and width: 7 pixels
for PSK HELL 245 bauds…height: 7 pixels and width: 14 pixels
Speed : 25 wpm
Modulation : DBPSK
Receive mode: indifferent (USB or LSB)
Character set : all ASCII printable characters except small letters, carriage return (+ line feed) and error correction character. The used font (FeldHell) is derived from the font of G3PLX (Peter Martinez),
Shape of pulse : raised cosine profile
Bandwidth : about 170 Hz for 105 bauds and 400 Hz for 245 bauds,
Synchronization: no need, each column is displayed vertically 2 times (but transmitted once)
Pmean/Ppeak : 0.62
Lowest S/N : - 10 dB for 245 bauds mode

FELD HELL

2006-12-03T05:18:00.001-08:00

Feld Hell is a Hellschreiber mode. All Hellschreiber modes are "Fuzzy" modes. The rules to be "Fuzzy" are:
- the transmitter uses no coding,
- the receiver does not decide when data is present,
- the receiver does not decide what data is present.
These modes are only human readable. They cannot be read by computers unless sophiticated neural system are used. In fact, hypothesis that human eye/brain character recognition in its context was better than a computer could do,

Created by : Rudolph Hell in 1929

Description :
Baud rate : 245 bauds but, in fact, it is a pseudo-122.5 bauds (one "pixel" is 8.163 ms long)
Reading direction: column by column, from down to up and from left to right,
Matrix : height: 7 pixels et width: 7 pixels…so a total of 49 pixels per character
Speed : 25 wpm
Modulation : On-Off keying of an audio tone
Reception mode: indifferent (USB or LSB) but in general USB
Character set : all ASCII printable characters except small letters, carriage return (+ line feed) and error correction character. The used font (FeldHell) is derived from the font of G3PLX (Peter Martinez),
Shape of pulse : raised cosine profile
Bandwidth : about 300 Hz,
Synchronization : no need, each column is displayed vertically 2 times (but transmitted once)
Pmean/Ppeak : 0.25
Lowest S/N : - 12 dB

Note: pieces of information about Hellschreiber modes can be found on the WEB site of ZL1BPU (Murray Greenman).

PACTOR 1

2006-12-03T05:16:00.000-08:00

Creators : Ulrich Strate (DF4KV) and Hans-Peter Helfert (DL6MAA) in 1990

Description :
Baud rate : 100 or 200 (200 bauds initially) automatically selected according of the propagation conditions
Speed : between 0 and about 260 mpm according to the number of repetitions, the propagation conditions and the selection or not of a compressed mode (Huffman),
Modulation : FSK two tones (“ mark ” and “ space ”) with a shift between tones of 200 Hz
Polarities are reversed for each new information frame.
Reception mode: indifferent (LSB or USB)
Character set : ASCII characters + ANSI extended characters in "8 bits" or only ASCII characters with an Huffman compression
Shape of pulse : rectangular
Bandwidth : 600 Hz
Demodulation : non coherent
Synchronization : automatic using the signal
Correction code : no
Convolution code: no
Interleaving : no
Pmean/Ppeak : 1
Lowest S/N at 100 bauds: about -4 dB
Pactor 1 protocol (principle): all the communication is done through "frames" (limited set of characters) and control signals (CS1 to CS2) as in AMTOR ARQ. There are two different sorts of frames: one to synchronize, when starting, for the connection and the information frames which allow the communication through an automatic procedure of transfer and anknowlegment by the signals CS1 to CS4. Each information frame is composed of:
* a header (a special character),
* an information field where data is located (8 bytes at 100 bauds and 20 at 200 bauds),
* a FCS field composed of 2 bytes where is located the CRC ("Cyclic Redundancy Check Sum") calculation on all the frame data until this field (except header). A difference between calculated CRC and received CRC makes the frame invalid.
It is an ARQ mode because each frame, bad or good, receive an acknowlegment, positive or negative, followed by an immediate repetition if the frame has been bad received. The duration of each cycle is fixed (1.25 sec).

Note 1: the Pactor 1 is only used in HF. It is a public protocol without protection. It seems difficult to program it under Windows because the reaction times are too short and too precise. On the other hand, under DOS, this would be, probably, possible.

Note 2: it exists two other Pactor protocols : Pactor II and III which are more efficients but are not public (it exists a protection of these protocols).

PACKET (AX25)

2006-12-03T05:14:00.000-08:00

PACKET (AX25)

Elaborated between 1978 and 1984 by the radio-amateur community.

Description :
Baud rate : 300 for use in HF and 1200 for use in VHF.
Speed : about 330 wpm at 300 bauds and 1320 wpm at 1200 bauds depending of the number of repetitions
Modulation : FSK two tones (“ mark ” and “ space ”) with a shift between tones of 200 Hz
at 300 bauds and 1000 Hz at 1200 bauds (fixed tones at 1200 and 2200 Hz)
Reception mode: USB ou LSB for HF (300 bauds), FM for VHF (1200 bauds)
Character set : ASCII characters + ANSI extended characters
Shape of pulse : rectangular
Bandwidth : 900 Hz for the 300 bauds mode and 3400 Hz for the 1200 bauds one
Demodulation : non coherent
Synchronization : automatic using the signal
Correction code : no
Convolution code: no
Interleaving : no
Pmean/Ppeak : 1
AX25 protocol (principle): all the communication is done through "frames" (limited set of characters). There are different sorts of frames (information , supervisory...) which allow to connect, to do the communication (through an automatic procedure of transfer and anknowlegment) then to deconnect. Each frame is composed of:
* one or several flags ("flag": special character),
* an adress field: destination + SSID then source + SSID, the SSID defining the type of station (from 0 to 15, simple Ham station, BBS...),
* a control byte defining the type of frame,
* for information frame: a PID field (routing protocol),
* for information frame: an information field where data is located,
* a FCS field composed of 2 bytes where is located the CRC ("Cyclic Redundancy Check Sum") calculation on all the frame data until this field (except flags). A difference between calculated CRC and received CRC makes the frame invalid,
* an end frame flag.

Note 1: the standard in 300 bauds is the "Unproto" mode and in 1200 bauds, the "Connected" mode (with a little bit of APRS in "Unproto" mode).
The FSK Packet needs very good signal-to-noise ratios. In the contrary case, the communications are not possible.

AMTOR

2006-12-03T05:13:00.001-08:00

AMTOR ARQ (called also SITOR-A for the navy (as a maritime mobile service system) or simply TOR)

Description :
Baud rate : 100. A character is composed of 4 “ space ” and 3 “ mark ” bits. A block of characters (called “ Block 1 ” or “ Block 2 ”) is composed of three characters (total duration: 3 x 70 = 210 ms) and a pause of 240 ms duration. During this pause, the receiving station emits a control signal of 70 ms duration to say “ please next block ” (symbol "ACK" for acknowledge) or to ask for a repetition of the last block, in case of erroneous character (symbol "NACK" for not acknowledge)
Speed : between 0 and 67 wpm (67 wpm corresponding to the 50 bauds RTTY) depending of the number of repetitions
Modulation : FSK two tones (“ mark ” and “ space ”, "mark" high) with a shift between tones of 170 Hz
Reception mode: USB
Character set : CCIR476-4 (32 letters, 32 figures and 6 control, idle or phasing signals) with no error reset character (“ fixed length ” characters).
In SITOR A, the character set may be extended to the Cyrillic characters by using the character for “ un-perforated tape ” (third shift)
In AMTOR A, the character set may be extended to the ASCII characters (32 to 128) by using the character for the “ un-perforated tape ”
Shape of pulse : rectangular
Bandwidth : about 800 Hz (due to rectangular shape),
Demodulation : non coherent
Synchronization : automatic using the signal
Correction code : yes via automatic repetition and easy detection of an erroneous character due to the particular content of a character (4 “ space ” and 3 “ mark ” bits)
Convolution code: no
Interleaving : no
Pmean/Ppeak : 1

Note: in AMTOR ARQ LISTEN, characters are tranlated the best possible way because no repetition can be requested. Therefore, receive quality is not generally very good.

AMTOR FEC (called also SITOR-B for the navy (as a maritime mobile service system) or simply FEC) collective B-mode

Description :
Baud rate : 100. A character is composed of 4 “ space ” and 3 “ mark ” bits. It is an uninterrupted stream of characters, contrary to AMTOR ARQ.
Speed : 71 wpm
Modulation : FSK two tones (“ mark ” and “ space ”, "mark" high) with a shift between tones of 170 Hz
Reception mode: USB
Character set : CCIR476-4 (32 letters, 32 figures and 6 control, idle or phasing signals) with no error correction character (“ fixed length ” characters). Small characters are transformed in capital characters and special characters as “ é ” are transformed in standard capital (in the example: “ E ”)
Shape of pulse : rectangular
Bandwidth : about 800 Hz (due to rectangular shape),
Demodulation : non coherent
Synchronization: automatic using the signal
Correction code : no
Convolution code: no
Interleaving : each character is repeated 5 positions later (that is 350 ms between 2 transmissions of the same character). This diversity in time allows the correction of an erroneous character. Its detection is easy due to the particular content of a character (4 “ space ” and 3 “ mark ”).
Pmean/Ppeak : 1
Lowest S/N : about -5 dB

Note : There are 2 FEC modes: the collective B-mode (described before) and the selective B-mode (little differences as an inversion of bits).

NAVTEX system (for information)

Description : it’s a world-wide system which allows the transmission of navigational and meteorological warnings, and urgent information through coastal stations. Transmissions take place on 518 kHz or 490 kHZ in AMTOR FEC mode with special specificities of the message.

The user will set his receiver on USB at 517 or 489 khz. The transmissions are done at fixed time, for example for NITON (GB): 7h00 and 19h00 UTC on 518 khz in English, 5h20 and 17h20 on 490 kHz in English, 7h10 and 19h10 on 490 kHz in French.

The character set of SITOR A and SITOR B/AMTOR FEC is the same of the one used for RTTY.
On SITOR A, the reception of the "un-perforated tape" is used by Russians ships to pass in traffic on Cyrillic. In that case, MULTIPSK passes to "letters".
The character set of AMTOR ARQ is an extended character set which allows the transmission of ASCII characters (32 to 128) thanks to the use of the "un-perforated tape".

ASCII

2006-12-03T05:11:00.000-08:00

Used by radio amateurs since 1980.

Description :
Baud rate : 110. A character is composed of a “ start ” bit (1 “ space ”), 7 or 8 bits and a “ stop ” bit (2 “ mark ”)
Speed : 110 wpm (7 bits) or 100 wpm (8 bits)
Modulation : FSK two tones (“ mark ” and “ space ” , "mark" high) with a shift of 170 Hz (or, sometimes, 200 Hz),
Receive mode : USB
Character set : 7-bits ASCII (or 8-bit ASCII for some languages), no parity,
Shape of pulse : rectangular
Bandwidth : 700 Hz (due to rectangular shape),
Demodulation : non coherent,
Synchronization: asynchronous with start bit,
Correction code: no
Convolution code: no
Interleaving : no
Pmean/Ppeak : 1
Lowest S/N : -2 dB

RTTY

2006-12-03T05:10:00.000-08:00

Description :
Baud rate : 45. A character is composed of a “ start ” bit (1 “ space ”), 5 bits and a “ stop ” bit (1.5 “ mark ”)
Speed : 60 wpm
Modulation : FSK two tones (“ mark ” and “ space ”, "mark" high) with a shift between tones of 170 Hz (or, sometimes, 200 Hz),
Receive mode : USB
Character set : ITA2 (32 letters and 32 figures) without error correction character (“ fixed length ” characters). Small characters are transformed in capital characters and special characters as “ é ” are transformed in standard capital (in the example: “ E ”)
Shape of pulse : rectangular
Bandwidth : about 600 Hz (due to rectangular shape),
Demodulation : non coherent,
Synchronization: on “ start ”
Correction code: no
Convolution code: no
Interleaving : no
Pmean/Ppeak : 1
Lowest S/N : -5.5 dB

For radio amateurs, the transmission speed is 45 bauds with a 170 Hz shift.

In commercial RTTY, the transmission speed may be, theoretically, 50, 75 or 100 bauds with a 85, 425 Hz, 450 or 850 Hz shift. In reality, only 50 and 75 bauds are available (in fact only 50 bauds).

CCW (Coherent CW)

2006-12-03T05:08:00.000-08:00

The coherent CW is a pure digital mode because it is only done for computers (although it is readable by a human being). The keying produced by the computer is perfect so as to allow synchronization and correct evaluation of the bit (dot or dot abscence).

Created by: Ramond Petit (W6GHM) in 1975

Description :
Speed : 12 wpm in standard. Here 12, 24 or 48 wpm respectively corresponding to a dot length of 100, 50 and 25 ms
Modulation : On-Off keying of an audio tone,
Receive mode : indifferent (LSB or USB)
Character set : A..Z 0..9 ? = / + and some others signs more or less used (“ Varicode ” characters type). An idling character (.......) has been added. It is specific to the CCW (of Multipsk) to keep the synchronization in case of absence of characters to send. A carriage return is transformed in a space followed by an idling character.
Shape of pulse : rectangular
Bandwidth : up to about 100 Hz according to speed,
Demodulation : coherent,
Synchronization: automatic using the signal
Correction code: no
Convolution code: no
Interleaving : no
Drift tolerance : 15 to 25 Hz/min (depending on the CCW speed and on the signal-to-noise ratio)
Pmean/Ppeak : 0.5 but very variable
Lowest S/N : the slower is the CCW speed, the better is the decoding.
The minimum S/N ratio depends on the speed and the letters sent. For the standard speed (12 wpm) the minimum S/N is about -12 dB (-8 dB at 24 wpm and -5 dB at 48 wpm).

CW (MORSE)

2006-12-03T05:07:00.000-08:00

Morse is a digital mode because it can be easily decoded by a computer but it can be seen as a sort of non-digital code for Ham people who decode a Morse character no as a series of dashes and dots but as a particular “ music ”. That is why, in reading Morse, humans are better than programs.

Description :
Speed : currently 10 to 40 wpm (standard speed: 20 wpm)
Modulation : On-Off keying of an audio tone (currently between 500 and 800 Hz) or of a HF simple carrier but in that case, there must be a difference between reception and transmission frequencies,
Receive mode : indifferent (LSB or USB)
Character set : A..Z 0..9 ? = / + and some others signs more or less used (“ Varicode ” characters type)
A carriage return is transformed in space
Shape of pulse : rectangular
Bandwidth : up to about 100 Hz according to speed,
Demodulation : non coherent,
Synchronization: on reception of a dash or a point
Correction code: no
Convolution code: no
Interleaving : no
Pmean/Ppeak : 0.5 but very variable
Lowest S/N : the slower is the CW, the easier is the decoding (for example, one can reach -15 dB/-20 dB for a 20 wpm Morse decoded by a human being), this down to about 10 mpm (for humans)

MT63

2006-12-03T05:06:00.000-08:00

Created by : Pawel Jalocha SP9VRC in 1997

Description :
Baud rate : 5, 10 or 20
Speed : 5, 10 or 20 characters/sec so 50, 100 or 200 wpm
Modulation : DBPSK on 64 carrier tones. the tones are separated by 7.81 Hz for the 500 Hz bandwidth, 15.625 Hz for the 1000 Hz bandwidth or 31.25 Hz for the 2000 Hz bandwidth mode. The data is encoded using a Walsh-Hadamard transform to provide high degree of redundancy.
Note: the matrix dimension used is 128x64dimension, where the first 64 lines are the 64 standard orthogonal combinations of the Hadamard matrix. The next 64 lines are their opposite. Therefore any couple of lines are either orthogonal (zero scalar product) or bi-orthogonal (negative scalar product).
Receive mode : only USB
Character set : ASCII 7 bits (128 characters)
Bandwidth : 500 Hz (500 to 1000 Hz), 1000 Hz (500 to 1500 Hz) or 2000 Hz (500 to 2500 Hz)
Synchronization : automatic using the signal
Correction code: no
Convolution code: no
Interleaving : two levels (short over 32 bits or long over 64 bits)…which when associated with the different baud rates give a delay of decoding between 1.6 to 12.8 seconds. The codes used for interleaving respond to two problems connected with diversity:
a) give the biggest distance between two interleavings on two adjacent frequencies (for example, we do not use a code that increases the interleaving position by unity with every increase of the frequency,
b) never have the same distance for the 64 frequencies (the 64 possible positions must be occupied).
Pmean/Ppeak : 0.1
Lowest S/N : - 8 dB for 5 bauds, - 5 dB for 10 bauds and -2 dB for 20 bauds (without sampling frequency offset).

Note: the standard mode for calling is the 1000 Hz wide with long interleaving.

Additional specifications by F6CTE
The MT63 specifications require a precision of +/- 0.01 % for the sampling frequency. However Windows MT63 softwares accept +/-0.5 % offset and many sound cards have an offset of up to 0,7 % or even more for the nominal sampling frequency of 8000 samples/second, which does not allow the decoding of MT63 (as the offset of RX and TX can reach 1,4 %). To correct this situation, Multipsk automatically determines the offset between receive and transmit up to 1.5 % (only with good signals).
On the other hand, the chosen idling character is not CHR(0) one (which is the standard in MT63 and which is the worst for this problem) but the choice is for CHR(6). And not to lose the tracing of offset calculation:
* the characters CHR(32), CHR(96) and CHR(112) are preceded by two idling characters,
* the characters CHR(48) and CHR(80) are preceded by one idling character.

A simplified example of how a character is sent in the 1000 Hz mode (without consideration of digital techniques used in the source code: inverse FFT, decimation, interpolation, analytic signal...:
* going through the Hadamard transform of the ASCII code of the letter, determination of the frequencies affected with a 180 degrees phase shift, and taking the phase shift into consideration,
* generating even frequencies for the duration of 0,256 second, but with a phase angle increase corresponding to 0.1 second interval (for 10 bauds) and saving in a buffer,
* filtering of the buffer and adding the result to a collecting buffer of 0.256 second capacity,
* sending to the soundcard (after scaling) of samples corresponding to the first 0,05 second of the collecting buffer,
* shifting the collecting buffer by 0,05 second,
* generating odd frequencies for the duration of 0,256 second, but with a phase angle increase corresponding to 0,1 second interval (for 10 bauds) and saving in a buffer,
* filtering of the buffer and then adding the result to a collecting buffer of 0,256 second capacity,
* sending to the sound card (after scaling) of samples corresponding to the first 0,05 second of the collecting buffer,
* shifting the collecting buffer by 0,05 second.

MFSK16 and MFSK8

2006-12-03T05:05:00.001-08:00

Created by : Nino Porcino IZ8BLY and Murray Greenman ZL1BPU

Description :
Baud rate : 15.625 for MFSK16 et 7.8125 for MFSK8
Speed : 42 wpm (average) (62.5 bits/sec) for MFSK16 and 26 wpm (average) (39.06 bits/sec) for MFSK8
Modulation : FSK 16 tones (4 bits) for MFSK16 and 32 tones (5 bits) for MFSK8
Reception mode: only one side (USB or LSB), USB is recommended
Character set : ASCII characters + almost all ANSI extended characters + an error reset character (“ Varicode ” characters)
Shape of pulse : rectangular
Space between tones : 15.625 Hz for MFSK16 et 7.8125 Hz for MFSK8,
Bandwidth : 316 Hz,
Demodulation : non-coherent,
Synchronization: automatic using the signal
Convolution code: R(Rate)=1/2, K (Constraint length)=7 with Viterbi type decoder
Interleaving : yes (for example, spreading of 120 bits for MFSK16)
Drift tolerance : 10 à 20 Hz/mn for MFSK16 and 4 to 7 Hz/mn according to signal-to-noise ratio,
Pmean/Ppeak : 1
Lowest S/N : -13.5 dB for MFSK16 and -15.5 dB for MFSK8

THROB and THROBX

2006-12-03T05:04:00.001-08:00

THROB and THROBX

Created by : Lionel Sear G3PPT, in 2000 for THROB and 2003 for THROBX

Preliminary : THROBX is an evolution of THROB.

Description :
Baud rate : 1, 2 or 4 (1 or 2 in THROBX)
Speed : 10, 20 or 40 wpm (=10 x baud rate) or 60, 120 or 240 characters/min (=60 x baud rate) (10 or 20 wpm in THROBX)
Modulation : for THROB: FSK 9 tones with 1 or 2 tones send in the same time (which give 45 possibilities including the idle tone)
for THROBX: FSK 11 tones with 2 tones send at the same time (which give 55 possibilities including the 2 possible idle characters)
Reception mode: only one side (USB or LSB), USB is recommended
Character set : for THROB: 46 “ fixed length ” characters: A..Z 0..9 , . ’ / ( ) ? @ = (with use of a “ shift ” character for ?@=). No error reset character.
: for THROBX: 53 characters: A..Z 0..9 , . ’ / ( ) ? @ = # " + - ; : ! . No error reset character.
Shape of pulse : for the 1 or 2 bauds modes: rectangular at the center with leading and trailing quarters as raised cosine. For the 4 bauds mode (THROB only): raised cosine
Space between tones : for THROB: 8 Hz (1 or 2 bauds) or 16 Hz (4 bauds), for THROB: 7.8125 Hz ,
Bandwidth : for THROB: 72 Hz (1 or 2 bauds), 144 Hz (4 bauds), for THROBX: 94 Hz
Demodulation : non-coherent,
Synchronization: automatic on incoming “ throbs ”
Correction code : no
Convolution code: no
Interleaving : no
Automatic Frequency Correction: +/- 3 Hz,
Drift tolerance : 4 bauds: 40 Hz/mn max, 2 bauds: 20 Hz/mn max, 1 baud: 10 Hz/mn max according to signal-to-noise ratio,
Pmean/Ppeak : 0.35 for 1 and 2 bauds modes, 0.19 for 4 bauds
Lowest S/N : THROBX: -18,5 dB for the 1 baud, -17.5 dB for the 2 bauds
THROB: -16 dB for the 1 baud, -14.5 dB for the 2 bauds et -12 dB for the 4 bauds

PSKAM10/31/50

2006-12-03T05:03:00.001-08:00

Description :
Baud rate : 10 (PSKAM10) , 31.25 (PSKAM31), 50 (PSKAM50)
Speed : 6 wpm (PSKAM10), 20 wpm (PSKAM31), 31 wpm (PSKAM50),
Modulation : DBPSK
Reception mode: indifferent (LSB or USB)
Character set : 56 “ fixed length ” characters A..Z 0..9 . , : - = + ? $ ’ ( ) ! / @ % with an error reset character and an idle character (displayed by ‘>’). Small characters are transformed in capital characters and special characters as “ é ” are transformed in standard capital (in the example above: “ E ”)
Shape of pulse : for PSKAM10 and PSKAM50: rectangular but the transition between 2 successive different bits is done by a decreasing sine then by an increasing sine (each one during
a quarter of period)
for PSKAM31: raised cosine
Bandwidth : about 50 Hz (PSKAM10), 80 Hz (PSKAM31), 260 Hz (PSKAM50),
Demodulation : coherent,
Synchronization: automatic using the signal
Correction code: no
Convolution code: no
Interleaving : no
Repetition : each character is repeated 5 positions later (0.8 s in PSKAM50, 1,28 s in PSKAM31 or 4 s in PSKAM10) between 2 transmissions of the same character) (example: A X B Y C A D B…). This time diversity allows the correction of an erroneous character. Its detection is easy due to the particular content of a character (5 “ space ” and 3 “ mark ”).
Automatic Frequency Correction: from +/-3 Hz to +/- 10 Hz depending on signal level,
Drift tolerance : 60 Hz/mn for PSKAM31 and PSKAM50 and 40 Hz/mn for PSKAM10 (depending on signal-to-noise ratio)
Pmean/Ppeak : 0.86 for PSKAM10 and 50, 0,79 for PSKAM31
Lowest S/N : -11.5 dB for PSKAM50, -14 dB for PSKAM31 and -19.5 dB for PSKAM10

PSKFEC31

2006-12-03T05:02:00.001-08:00

Description :
Baud rate : 31.25
Speed : 28 wpm
Modulation : DBPSK
Reception mode: indifferent (LSB or USB)
Character set : 56 "Varicode" characters " A..Z 0..9 . , " : - = + ? $ ' ( ) ! / @ & # * with an error reset character and an idle character (displayed by ">").
Small characters are transformed in capital characters and special characters as
" é " are transformed in standard capital (in the example above: " E ").
Shape of pulse : rectangular but the transition between 2 successive different bits is done by a decreasing sine then by an increasing sine (each of one during quarter of period)
Bandwidth : about 160 Hz
Demodulation : coherent,
Synchronization: automatic using the signal
Correction code: no
Convolution code: no
Interleaving : no
Repetition : each bit is repeated 13 positions later (so 0.42 s between 2 transmissions of the same bit). This time diversity allows the correction of an erroneous bit. The synchronization is easy.
Automatic Frequency Correction: from +/-3 Hz to +/- 10 Hz depending on signal level,
Drift tolerance : 60 Hz/mn for PSKFEC31 (depending on signal-to-noise ratio)
Pmean/Ppeak : 0.86
Lowest S/N : -14.5 dB

Due to the FEC process, this mode permits to reduce appreciably the number of errors due to HF propagation conditions, compared to BPSK31.

PSK63

2006-12-03T05:00:00.001-08:00

Created by: Moe Wheatley (AE4JY) and Howard Teller (KH6TY)

Description :
Baud rate : 62.5
Speed : 74 wpm in capital letters and 102 wpm in small letters (average)
Bandwidth : about 160 Hz,
Lowest S/N : - 7 dB

Note: for the remainder, the characteristics are identical to the ones of BPSK31.

BPSK31 and QPSK31

2006-12-03T04:57:00.000-08:00

Description :
Baud rate : 31.25
Speed : 37 wpm in capital letters and 51 wpm in small letters (average)
Modulation : DBPSK
Receive mode: indifferent (LSB or USB) for BPSK31 only, for QPSK31 USB is mandatory
Character set : ASCII characters + ANSI extended characters + an error reset character (“ Varicode ” characters)
Shape of pulse : raised cosine
Bandwidth : about 80 Hz,
Demodulation : coherent,
Synchronization: automatic using the signal
Correction code: no
Convolution code: no for BPSK31, yes for QPSK31 (Rate=1/2, Constraint length=5, use of Viterbi decoder with soft decison)
Interleaving : no
Automatic Frequency Correction: about +/- 10 Hz depending on signal-to-noise ratio,
Drift tolerance : 1 Hz/sec (depending on level)
Pmean/Ppeak : 0.79 for BPSK31 and 0.35 for QPSK31
Lowest S/N : -11.5 dB
Waterfall range : 200 to 4300 Hz for Multipsk

Note : the BPSK31 mode is very much used, QPSK31 is not used that much.

2006-12-02T17:10:00.000-08:00

RST Meldungen und andere Mitteilungen

2006-12-02T17:05:00.000-08:00

hallo
hier darft du alles rein schreiben Lob Kritik und natuerlich,wie meine
Aussendungen zu empfangen sind bei dir...

nauen

2006-12-02T16:06:00.000-08:00

Technikgeschichte

Morsezeichen in die Kolonien

Eine von vier dreh- und schwenkbaren Kurzwellensendeantennen in Nauen. An dem historischen Ort steht nun modernste Funktechnik

Vor 100 Jahren begann mit der Inbetriebnahme der ersten Funkstation Deutschlands eine neue Ära der Kommunikation. Über Tausende von Kilometern wurde gemorst, inzwischen wird in Nauen Radio gesendet.

2006-12-02T15:57:00.000-08:00